Lecture 7. Chapter 5.

Question 1

I-self

Answer 1

the knower, experiencer, present tense, story teller, consciousness. Perceives what is going on and puts them together to create a narrative. (Ego)

Question 2

Me-self

Answer 2

The known, experienced, past-tense, story. Cumulation of the self. (Self concept).

Question 3

What is self-concept

Answer 3

Our knowledge about who we are, including traits, social identities, and experiences.

Question 4

What is self concept made up of

Answer 4

Self concept is made up of self schemas: beliefs about oneself that guide processing of self-relevant information. Set of memories, beliefs, and generalization about an attribute that is central to one’s self concept.

Question 5

What would the schema for compassion include

Answer 5

memories of specific events, and general beliefs about how one typically acts in situations.

Question 6

What do people have self schemas for

Answer 6

dimensions important to them, on which they are extreme, and on which they strongly believe the opposite is not true.

Question 7

How do self schemas help

Answer 7

Self-defining attributes are processed more quickly, and lots more behaviour reflective of that attribute can be remembered.

Question 8

Example of the self being extremely important

Answer 8

Proven by the cocktail part effect, where our focus zooms to someone saying our name, even in a loud room.

Question 9

Working self concept

Answer 9

Portion of the self schema that is currently activated and influences our behaviour. Informed by our social situation, info we are primed with, and motivation to think or act in a particular way.

Question 10

Example of working self concept

Answer 10

At school, our student concept comes up. Those aspects are more likely to influence thoughts and behaviour.

Question 11

Solo status

Answer 11

A sense that one is unique from those in the current environment. Tend to refer to characteristics that make us different.

Question 12

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 12

The perspective that people use their understanding of how others view them as the primary basis for knowing and evaluating themselves.

Question 13

Looking glass self

Answer 13

The idea that others reflect back to us (much like a looking glass, or mirror) who we are by how they behave toward us.

Question 14

Appraisals

Answer 14

observing how other people see you, and incorporating that into your appraisal of yourself.

Question 15

Why is appraisals good

Answer 15

Helps judge ourselves on if our actions are good or bad. We are more likely to change ourselves based on the appraisals of people we are close to or admire.

Question 16

Generalized order

Answer 16

mental order of most people in society we use to consider how the collective views us.

Question 17

Association method

Answer 17

Unconscious self probed by saying the first word that comes to mind. Reveals fixations.

Question 18

Introspection

Answer 18

The process of looking inward to examine one’s own feelings, thoughts, and motives.

Question 19

Nisbett and wilson on introspection

Answer 19

Suggested that we cannot look inwards and know why we do something or how we reached a certain decision.

Question 20

Where are we getting the ideas we introspect

Answer 20

The reasons that we often provide for thoughts and feelings may be wrong and based on common naive theories related to these experiences. Like the narrative we tell ourselves instead of what is actually true.

Question 21

Example of poor introspection

Answer 21

Asked people to pick out of 4 socks, most people picked the last one. Told themselves it was because it was a better sock when in reality it was that it was the last sock, but made a fake narrative.

Question 22

Vazire on who knows us best

Answer 22

it depends on the extent to which the traits that are being judged are observable, and evaluative.

Question 23

What traits are best judged by who

Answer 23

Traits like being outgoing are more accurately judged by others. But like being anxious, we are better at judging.

Question 24

Reflected appraisals

Answer 24

what we think other people think about us. Usually very different from actual appraisals people have of us.

Question 25

2 reasons reflected appraisals occur

Answer 25

Partly due to the distortions in the feedback people provide each other. Or that we assume people make sweeping judgement of us based on one or two actions, which isn't true.

Question 26

Stability of the self

Answer 26

Central aspects of the self are stable, but different social contexts can call up different aspects of ourselves, changing how we think and act.

Question 27

Forecasters

Answer 27

imaging how we will feel. People exaggerate the intensity and duration of our emotional experience.

Question 28

Experiencers

Answer 28

Knowing how we feel when it actually happens

Question 29

Why are we bad at forcasting

Answer 29

We are bad at it because we have a psychological immune system-> rationalizing, discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma.

Question 30

How do we make decisions

Answer 30

We make decisions based on our imaginary predictions, like buying a house will be the happiest day of our life, but then it is not.

Question 31

Self perception theory

Answer 31

When internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain insight by observing their own behaviour.

Question 32

Required for self perception

Answer 32

Requires an absence of compelling situational pressures or strong pre-existing thoughts or feelings about something.

Question 33

Example of self perception

Answer 33

People that don't know how they feel about the environment will base it on their past actions, like if they have donated before, they will think they are pro-environement.

Question 34

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 34

changes in the facial expression can lead to changes in the subjective experience of emotion. Helps us to form judgements about a situation.

Question 35

What do facial expressions do

Answer 35

Facial expressions affect emotion through the process of self perceptions.

Question 36

What do facial movements do

Answer 36

Facial movements evoke physiological changes that produce an emotional experience.

Question 37

Example of self perception of emotion

Answer 37

disgreeing with a video you watch when you shake your head no. Makes you think you disagree because youre shaking your head.

Question 38

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 38

originates in factors within the person, like reading for enjoyment.

Question 39

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 39

originates in factors outside the person, like getting a reward for reading.

Question 40

What decreased intrinsic motivation

Answer 40

Enormous reward or fearsome penalty

Question 41

Overjustification effect

Answer 41

the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward.

Question 42

How should rewards be offers

Answer 42

Rewards should be unexpected and a bonus. Given for good performance rathan than for just fulfilling a task.

Question 43

How should praise be offered

Answer 43

Praise should be offered for effort, like you work so hard, and not ability, like your so smart.

Question 44

Why do self concepts change

Answer 44

Self concepts change in response to personal and situational factors. The parts of us that are activated the most become more salient. We identify with what makes us unique in a given situation, and want to stand out from the pack.

Question 45

Social comparison theory

Answer 45

process of evaluating ourselves through comparisons with other people

Question 46

Why does social comparison happen

Answer 46

Do this most often when uncertain about our self-evaluation. Tend to compare ourselves with people similar to us.

Question 47

Better than average effect

Answer 47

people's tendency to rank themselves higher than most other people on positive attributes.

Question 48

Example of better than average effect

Answer 48

Worst writers rate themselves as very good because they lack the knowledge to know how much better they can be. Rate our knowledge lower when we know more. Will even claim they know knowledge they don't.

Question 49

Two factor theory of emotion

Answer 49

Experience physiological arousal-> make a cognitive interpretation that explains the source of the arousal.

Question 50

Schachter and singer on evaluating emotions

Answer 50

sometimes we turn to others to determine our emotions. When given an adrenaline injection, they matched the anger or the happiness of the person they were interacting with. Needed to attribute their high emotion to something so matched the other person there.

Question 51

Misattribution of arousal

Answer 51

we ascribe arousal resulting from one source to another, so we experience emotions we wouldn't normally feel in response to a stimulus.

Question 52

Example of misattributing arousal

Answer 52

Took an arousing placebo pill before bed. Attributed their wakefulness to the pill, and not the frustration of not being able to sleep. making them actually more relaxed and restful.

Question 53

Excitation transfer theory

Answer 53

The theory that leftover arousal caused by an initial event can intensify emotional reactions to a second, unrelated event.

Question 54

Critera for others to infleunce our emotions

Answer 54

our levels of arousal cannot be too intense, and other people must be present as a possible explanation for arousal before its onset.

Question 55

How does the self differ by culture.

Answer 55

The self is determined by the culture we live in. North American answer: I am short, smart, outgoing. Asian answer: i am buddhist, i am my fathers daughter

Question 56

Social identity theory

Answer 56

People define themselves largely in terms of the social groups with which they identify. Come to know what characteristics you have based on family, race, nationality, and other group memberships.

Question 57

Example of social identity theory

Answer 57

Assumed if their in group scored high on a trait, they would also score high on it-> schmader and major.

Question 58

Gender and traits

Answer 58

Less gender specific traits than we think-> like talking, both genders do it the same amounts.

Question 59

How do kids learn

Answer 59

Kids learn from their same-sex parents and mimic their traits and qualities.

Question 60

Social role theory

Answer 60

The theory that gender differences in behavior, personality, and self-definition arise because of a long history of role distribution between the sexes and error-prone assumptions that those roles are essential to the nature of men and women.

Question 61

Social role theory stereotypes

Answer 61

By observing males and females engage in specific roles, people often infer that women do more socially oriented and caregiving behaviors because that is what they are intrinsically good at and that men find themselves in positions of leadership and power because that is what they are intrinsically good at.

Question 62

Individualism and the self

Answer 62

Promote the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over the group goals. Defines the self in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. Rejects conformity.

Question 63

Adapting to surrounding through culture

Answer 63

Stressful when they feel pressure to choose a racial group. Switch between racial identities in response to social cues to help adapt to surroundings.

Question 64

Independent selves

Answer 64

Individualistic. self-schema in which others are not represented as part of the self.

Question 65

Context independent

Answer 65

When someones properties, meaning, or behavior are constant and unchanging regardless of the specific situation or surrounding environment

Question 66

Analytical reasoning

Answer 66

individualistic emphasis is on the proper use of rules and that contradictory statements cannot be true.

Question 67

Internal attributions

Answer 67

indivudalists assume behaviour of others corresponds to their traits. If you lie you are a liar.

Question 68

How indivudalistics see a fish

Answer 68

See a fish leading the pack as a leader or strong swimmer. See the one at the back as slow or guarding the rest.

Question 69

Collectivism

Answer 69

Promote the concept of giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly.

Question 70

Interdependent selves

Answer 70

self-schema in which others are represented as part of the self.

Question 71

Context dependent

Answer 71

meaning, performance, or retrieval relies on its specific situation, background, or environment

Question 72

Holistic reasoning

Answer 72

Collectivist. emphasis is on considering all possible influences and balancing competing forces; contradictions are okay.

Question 73

External attributions

Answer 73

Collectivist. ssume behaviour of others corresponds to the situation more than people from a Western culture.

Question 74

How collectivists see a fish

Answer 74

See the fish at the front as the other ones chasing him. See the fish at the back as the others are swimming too fast or they don't like him.

Question 75

Effectance motivation

Answer 75

the intrinsic desire to interact with and master one's environment, seeking to be competent and effective in influencing and understanding the world.

Question 76

Power and approach motivation

Answer 76

Motivation to move toward positive/rewarding stimuli (approach) or to gain influence and status (power).

Question 77

Narcissism online

Answer 77

Wants online social approval by projecting an idealistic image of the self, and fishing for compliments. Perfect hunting grounds for narcissists. More likely to use social media and post in a certain way