Chapter 4 pt 1

Question 1

Locus of causality

Answer 1

an individual’s perception of the source of their behavior, specifically whether they believe their actions are caused by internal factors (like personal ability or motivation) or external factors (like luck or social pressure)

Question 2

Internal locus of causality

Answer 2

persons behaviour was caused by something internal. like personality. People tend to overestimate this.

Question 3

External locus of causality

Answer 3

caused by something external like the situation. Assume all people would behave that way in the situation. Underestimate this

Question 4

Stability of attributes

Answer 4

attributing behaviour to either stable or unstable factors.

Question 5

Stable attribute

Answer 5

Something that suggests it will happen again, like a personality trait.

Question 6

Unstable attribute

Answer 6

Something like changes like someone amount of effort. Behaviour is not reliably caused by that same thing.

Question 7

How boys and girls attribute traits

Answer 7

Boys attributed difficulties in math to unstable internal factors like lack of effort or external factors like the teacher
Girls attributed it to stable internal causes like being back at math.

Question 8

Should we attribute to stable or unstable

Answer 8

Better to attribute failures to internal unstable factors. Implies that one can improve by working harder.

Question 9

Fixed mindset

Answer 9

Fixed or entity mindsets view stable traits the personal can’t control.

Question 10

Incremental mindset

Answer 10

Believes an attribute is malleable.

Question 11

Effect of fixed mindset

Answer 11

Fixed mindsets people make more negative stable attributions about themselves in response to challenging tasks and perform worse. Tend to not want to do things to improve their skills even when these skills would help them.

Question 12

Incremental mindset impacts

Answer 12

Incremental mindsets view challenging situations as opportunities to improve or develop skills. Also makes people more like you to help others improve.

Question 13

3 factors that influence making inferences

Answer 13

Degree of choice, expectedness of behaviour, intended effect of behaviour

Question 14

Degree of choice

Answer 14

we make inferences about people when their behaviour is freely chosen than when it is coerced.

Question 15

Expectedness of the behaviour

Answer 15

we make inferences about the person when their behaviour deviates from the norm.

Question 16

Intended effects of someones behaviour

Answer 16

we make inferences about someone’s motives when their behaviour produces fewer desirable effects.

Question 17

3 stages of model attributions

Answer 17

Identify behavior, automatically make a dispositional inference, and then maybe make an effortful correction

Question 18

When do we make effortful corrections

Answer 18

Effortful situational correction if the observer has sufficient motivation and cognitive resources. Doesn’t always get to this phase

Question 19

When do we not get to the third stage

Answer 19

When people are cognitively busy, they don’t get to the third stage, and rely on automatic inference. Requires more pfc

Question 20

3 kinds of information we gather

Answer 20

consistency, dsitinctiveness, consenses

Question 21

consensus

Answer 21

when its high, see that others hve the same opinion, so make an external attribution. when its low, see that only one person thinks so, os makes an internal attribution

Question 22

Distinctiveness

Answer 22

High distinctivess see its different from what they normally think, so make external attribution. when low, its something they always do, so make internal.

Question 23

Consistency

Answer 23

when high, its something they always do, so make external or internal. when low, they dont do this often. could be external or internal or both

Question 24

Causal hypothesis testing

Answer 24

Putting in conscious effort into making an attribution

Question 25

Covariance principle

Answer 25

The tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time.

Question 26

Discounting principle

Answer 26

The tendency to reduce the importance of any potential cause of another’s behavior to the extent that other potential causes exist. Like deciding someone has no baseball skill when they have been caught taking roids.

Question 27

Actor observer effect

Answer 27

As observers, we are likely to make internal attributions for the behavior of others, but as actors, we are likely to make external attributions for our own behavior

Question 28

Observer attributions

Answer 28

Attributing peoples behaviour to internal reasons and assume their behaviour is caused by their disposition. FAE.

Question 29

Actor attributions

Answer 29

Attribute our own behaviour to external reasons and assume our behaviour is caused by the situation

Question 30

Causes of actor/obsrver differences

Answer 30

We want to see ourselves as flexible and that we can change according to the demands of the situations. Think that we know situations and that our behaviour differs in different situations.

Question 31

Failure to use information

Answer 31

We fail to use information. The situation is the first automatic, then we consider our disposition, like the test was too hard, and then maybe I'm not smart enough.

Question 32

Kelleys covariation theory

Answer 32

People make attributions by considering potential causes that co-occur with the behaviour. Consensus, distinctiveness and consistency

Question 33

When se make situational vs dispositional

Answer 33

Situational when consensus, distinctveness and consistency are all high. Dispositional when high on consitency

Question 34

Discounting principle

Answer 34

Should assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behaviour if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it.

Question 35

Augmenting principle

Answer 35

When a factor that might encourage a behavior and a factor that might inhibit the behavior are both present, we will assign more weight to the encouraging factor.

Question 36

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 36

Imagining how some event could have turned out differently.

Question 37

Example of counterfactual thinking

Answer 37

Like how sad it is when someone changes their flight and it ends up crashing. We find this more tragic because we can easily imagine a counterfactual in which the plane makes it.-> the easier it is to imagine how the bad outcome could be avoided, the more tragic the event seems.

Question 38

Upward counterfactual

Answer 38

An imagined alternative in which the outcome is better than what actually happened. The more easily people do this, the worse the negative outcomes seem.

Question 39

Example of upward counterfactual

Answer 39

Make them to ourselves like saying I should've studied harder. Makes us feel worse about what actually happened.

Question 40

Why do we make upward counterfactuals

Answer 40

Regret because we don't remember the pressures and difficulties that kept us from doing something.-> asking ppl what would happen if they added a hard course they would look at the negatives and how bad it would affect them. Asking alumnus if they would have, they wouldn't mention the negative impacts.

Question 41

Why can upward counterfactuals be good

Answer 41

Makes us consider what we could have done differently, so provides insight into how to avoid a similar bad outcome in the future.

Question 42

Downward counterfactuals

Answer 42

Thoughts of alternatives that are worse than what actually happened.

Question 43

Example of downward counterfactual

Answer 43

Like you got robbed, but at least they didn't take your laptop.

Question 44

Why are downward counterfactuals not helpfull

Answer 44

Doesn't prepare us for the future, just helps us feel better about the past by making possible outcomes that would have been worse than what actually happened.

Question 45

When to use upward or downwards

Answer 45

Downward can help us feel better, upward can make us improve the future. If a care accident was your fault, good to make upward comparisons. If it wasn't your fault, make downward comparisons