Chapter 2. Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the three dimensions of people

Answer 1

Universal, the individual and culture.

Question 2

What is culture

Answer 2

A set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms, morals, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals shared by a self-identified group, a group whose members think of themselves as a group.

Question 3

What are beliefs

Answer 3

accepted ideas about some aspect of reality. Generally faith basd and learned from parents, teachers and other authorities.

Question 4

Cultural truisms

Answer 4

Beliefs we don’t question. Like believing brushing your teeth is good.

Question 5

What are attitudes

Answer 5

preferences that refer specifically to how things are evaluated as good or bad. Usually shared by members of a culture. Things you like, dislike and other opinions and preferences. Closely linked to beliefs.

Question 6

What are values

Answer 6

Guiding principles and shared goals of members in a wide range of situations.

Question 7

Cross cultural values

Answer 7

There are 10 cross cultural values. Vary across cultures but typically benevolence is at the top, then self-direction then universalism. Based in security and growth.

Question 8

What are norms

Answer 8

Shared beliefs about appropriate or expected behaviour in particular situations. I like wearing clothes. Strong and weak situations.

Question 9

What are morals

Answer 9

Beliefs about the nature of good and bad behaviours. Beliefs, not just attitudes.

Question 10

What are communtiy morals

Answer 10

Conerning relationships

Question 11

What are autonomy morals

Answer 11

Concerns the self’s rights and freedoms

Question 12

What are divinity morals

Answer 12

Concern what is sacred and pure

Question 13

Moral foundations theory

Answer 13

Community morals reflect ingroup loyalty and respect for authority. Autonomy morals reflect harm/care and fairness/reciprocity.

Question 14

What happens when you violate the morals

Answer 14

Violations of community morals: evoke a sense of contempt.
Violations of autonomy morals: evoke anger.
Violations of divinity morals: evoke disgust.

Question 15

What types of places value each the most

Answer 15

Places that value conformity would value community morals the most.

A place that values self direction emphasizes autonomy.

Places that value culture emphasize divinity morals.

Question 16

Disgust and morality

Answer 16

Physically based emotion linked to morality. Primes heightened moral conviction.

Question 17

Moral foundation theory

Answer 17

Culture dictates what we value and moralize. Different cultures=different morals.

Question 18

5 moral foundations

Answer 18

Harm/care
Fairness/reciprocity: treating people how you want to be treated.
Ingroup/loyalty: preferring people from your group.
Authority/respect
Purity/sanctity: connection to religion

Question 19

What are customs

Answer 19

pecific patterns of style of dress, speech and behaviour, deemed appropriate in a particular context within a given culture.

Question 20

What are social roles

Answer 20

positions within a group that entail specific ways of acting, dividing labour, responsibility and resources. Like age, gender, social status.

Question 21

What are cultural symbols

Answer 21

represent culture as a whole, beliefs or values prevalent ina culture.

Question 22

What are rituals

Answer 22

patterns of actions performed in particular reinforcing contexts that often signal change associated with beginning or end of something of significance.

Question 23

What is cultural evolution

Answer 23

The process whereby cultures develop and propagate according to systems of belief or behavior that contributes to the success of a society

Question 24

What is cultural diffusion

Answer 24

The transfer of inventions, knowledge, and ideas from one culture to another. Made possible by communication and learning and the urge to explore and grow.

Question 25

What is cultural transmission

Answer 25

The process whereby members of a culture learn explicitly or implicitly to imitate the beliefs and behaviors of others in that culture. Usually to teach children, and largely for knowledge and skills.

Question 26

How cultural helps up adapt to the natural enviro

Answer 26

people live in groups. These groups adapt by creating technologies and responding to challenges. These adaptations influence people's basic perceptions and thought processes. As the natural environment changes, so does the culture.

Question 27

Surroundings and perception ## Footnote Example?

Answer 27

Depending on your physical surroundings, it has an influence on people's perceptions and thought processes. Being more prone to seeing straight lines=more easily fooled by the which line is longer illusion.

Question 28

How culture helps us adapt to cultural and social enviros

Answer 28

through 4 basic patterns of relationships. Community sharing: what's mine is yours Authority ranking: orders and following Equality matching: friendship Market pricing: business relationships

Question 29

What relationship is emphasize by collectivist cultures

Answer 29

emphasize interdependence, cooperations and the welfare of the group.

Question 30

Collectivist culture self-construal

Answer 30

Have an interdependent self-construal: View themselves in terms of how they relate or contribute to the greater whole.

Question 31

What do collectivist cultures prioritize

Answer 31

Have a social obligation to fulfill duties aligned with a sense of choice and agency. Prioritize social cohesion over the freedom to broadcast their emotional reactions.

Question 32

What is an individualistic culture prioritizing

Answer 32

individual initiative, achievement, and creativity. Value freedom of speech and want to express their personal views.

Question 33

Indivualisrtic self construal

Answer 33

Have an independent self-construal: view themselves as unique who should stand out.

Question 34

Why is there a rise in individualism

Answer 34

Rise in individualism due to the rise in diverse society due to immigration, technology making it easier to travel, and increased mobility.

Question 35

Uncertain identity theory

Answer 35

There arises an issue when people are uncertain about what they should do and what is allowed. Reduced when people identify with culturally defined groups that have clear guiding principles.

Question 36

How culture helps adapt to the metaphysical environement

Answer 36

the nature of reality, significance of our lives, cosmic order. Culture helps to gain an understanding of it.

Question 37

What is TMT

Answer 37

Suggests that We are mortal, we are aware, and because we are aware we have death anxiety. We have come up with ways to ease this existential dread.

Question 38

What does TMT say peole use to protect themselves

Answer 38

suggests that people protect themselves from the fear of death by immersing themselves in the world of symbols and ideas provided by their culture.

Question 39

How does culture protect against death thoughts

Answer 39

Bolsters our confidence in the absolute correctness of our beliefs. Acts as a shielf against the uncertainty of death.

Question 40

What is death thought accesibility

Answer 40

When cultural beliefs are compromised, death thoughts leak in. When worldview cracks, death thoughts increase.

Question 41

What is mortality salience

Answer 41

If cultural worldviews function to alleviate anxiety associated with the awareness of death, then reminding people of their mortality ( mortality salience) should increase their need for the protection provided by such beliefs

Question 42

What is the worldview defense

Answer 42

The tendency to derogate those who violate important cultural ideals and to venerate those who uphold them.

Question 43

What happens we doubt our worldview

Answer 43

Tend to be more prejudice to others, and this creates intergroup conflict.

Question 44

Mortality salience example

Answer 44

When reminded of death, it gets more salient, and people judge others harder and give harder sentences to criminals. In a study, being reminded about death made judges hold stronger to their beliefs and therefor gave more jail time to prostitutes cuz that goes against their world view. Also goes the other way where thoughts of death lead to more positive responses to those who uphold the same values.

Question 45

Literal immortality

Answer 45

Like afterlife/heaven. Reassures someone that death is not the end of life. Promised more life for those who are worthy.

Question 46

Symbolic immortality

Answer 46

biosocial, creative, natural, experiential. Being part of something greater and more enduring than the self, allows a part of the self to live on.

Question 47

Biosocial immortality

Answer 47

people live on through their children.

Question 48

Creative immortality

Answer 48

Contributions to ones culture like heroic acts or leadership or science live on.

Question 49

Natural immortality

Answer 49

strongly identifying with nature and the coincident recognition that an eternal part of the self will persist over time.

Question 50

Experiential immortality

Answer 50

from peak experiences that feel mystical, fill a person with a timeless sense of wonder and awe.

Question 51

Mortality and religion

Answer 51

Thoughts of mortality makes people cling to their religious beliefs.

Question 52

Cultural worldview

Answer 52

human constructed, shared, symbolic conceptions of reality that imbue life with meaning, order and permanence. Antidote to death awareness.

Question 53

What does cultural world view include

Answer 53

All consist of a theory of reality, institutions, symbols, riatuals, standards of value and the promise of actual or symbolic immortality.

Question 54

What happens with an effective cultural worldview

Answer 54

The more effective a cultural worldview was at helping individuals manage their mortality fears, the more likely it was to be accepted and transmitted among members of that culture and from one generation to the next.

Question 55

What is self esteem

Answer 55

Self evaluation of self worth.

Question 56

How does self esteem relate to TMT

Answer 56

People with high levels of self-esteem view themselves as valuable members of a meaningful universe and thus have a protective shield against the potential for terror inherent in the human condition

Question 57

Just world beliefs

Answer 57

the idea that good things happen to good people and bad to bad. Not the case but still carry this belief.

Question 58

Evolutionary explanation for beauty

Answer 58

signal of fitness. Beautiful things represent skills and good genes.

Question 59

What is beautiful?

Answer 59

symmetry, averageness, divine proportions, balance. We like what we know and expect. Those patterns are set by culture.

Question 60

Beauty formula

Answer 60

Person x environment. The person has expectations and the culture is the major source of that. The enviro is the actual object. Neither objective or subjective. We like what we expect to see because we can completely ignore it.

Question 61

Is culture good or bad

Answer 61

Its a uniquely and necessary part of being human.

Question 62

What happened if someone didnt have culture

Answer 62

A human lacking or stripped of culture would be psychologically (and probably physically) naked, fearful, hard pressed to survive, and barely recognizable as a member of our species.

Question 63

Why do we need culture

Answer 63

For things like cultural diffusion to transmit ideas

Question 64

Cultural traumas

Answer 64

ragic historical examples of cultural disruptions, some of which have led to complete cultural disintegration.

Question 65

How is culture limiting

Answer 65

Each culture limits the way its people think about themselves and the world and creates divides between its people and others within and outside the culture.

Question 66

How culture affects how we treat others

Answer 66

Culture affects how people treat those of lower status within the culture as well as those outside the culture. This has contributed greatly to social problems within cultures and egregious conflicts between cultures, often leading to the tragic cultural traumas we have already noted

Question 67

Acculturation

Answer 67

The process whereby individuals change in response to exposure to a new culture.

Question 68

Assimilation

Answer 68

The process whereby people gradually shift almost entirely from their former culture to the beliefs and ways of the new culture.

Question 69

Integration

Answer 69

The process whereby people retain aspects of their former culture while internalizing aspects of a new host culture. Referred to as bicultural when achieved.

Question 70

Melting pot

Answer 70

An ideological view which holds that diverse peoples within a society should converge toward the mainstream culture.

Question 71

Multiculturalism

Answer 71

An ideological view which holds that cultural diversity is valued and that diverse peoples within a society should retain aspects of their traditional culture while adapting to the host culture.