What is the gross motor skill development for a child aged 2 to 2½ years?
Walks up stairs using reciprocal movements independently, walks backward, stands on toes, stands on one foot for a few seconds, able to create things with clay
Additional skills include turning pages of a book and unbuttoning large buttons.
What fine motor skills can a child aged 2 to 2½ years demonstrate?
Demonstrates functional grasp with spoon, able to unbutton large buttons, able to turn pages of a book one at a time
May still have some spillage while using a spoon.
Define Dynamic Postural Stability.
The ability to maintain a stable base of support while performing an active, functional task that involves movement and weight shift.
What is Flow in the context of postural control?
Smooth, fluid movements that combine mobility and stability patterns functionally.
What are Stability Limits?
The distance in any direction an individual can lean away from mid-line without altering the base of support.
What is postural control?
The ability to control the body’s position in space and to remain erect despite changes in the surface being walked on.
What is tactile defensiveness?
A sensory processing disorder where children react with protective or avoidance responses to nonthreatening touch information.
What is Haptic Perception?
Discriminative touch combined with active memory of touch, allowing identification of objects through touch alone.
List the six hand movement patterns needed for haptic perception.
- Static contact
- Lateral motion
- Unsupported holding
- Enclosure
- Pressure
- Contour following
What are equilibrium reactions?
Complex patterns involving rotational movements along the body axis to maintain balance.
At what age do equilibrium reactions in standing typically emerge?
Between 12 and 21 months of age.
What is Calibration in movement?
The use of appropriate force, speed, and directional control when attempting a task.
At what age is hand preference usually established?
By age 4.
What is complementary two-hand use?
The ability to have both hands active at the same time, working in a complementary fashion.
What are the three palmar arches?
- Proximal transverse palmar arch
- Distal transverse palmar arch
- Longitudinal palmar arch
Define precision grasp.
Grasp patterns that are refined through adolescence, characterized by unsupported hand and active wrist extension.
What is power grasp?
Grasp patterns used for managing large or heavy objects, utilizing the full strength of the hand.
What is fine motor control?
The coordinated use of the eyes, hands, and muscles of the mouth that is largely volitional.
What is discriminative touch?
Aspects of touch that we consciously think about, including perception of touch, pressure, and vibration.
What are red flags for language development by 12 months?
- No babbling
- No back-and-forth gestures
- Does not turn to name being called
What is the best tool to determine a child’s growth?
Body mass index (BMI).
What are the main areas of self-care for preschoolers?
- Sleeping
- Eating/drinking
- Tooth brushing
- Hand washing
- Nose-blowing
- Dressing
- Bathing
What does Ayres’ Sensory Integration focus on?
Understanding sensory processing and guiding clinical reasoning and intervention decisions.
What are visual perceptual skills?
Skills including recognizing colors, matching shapes and sizes, and understanding spatial relationships between objects.
