What does low vision denote?
A level of vision that is 20/70 or worse and cannot be fully corrected with conventional glasses.
Define cognitive monitoring.
A higher level cognitive function that involves self-examination of current actions, future actions, and effectiveness in meeting intended purposes.
What are cognitive maps?
Mental representations of physical locations that help us find our way and remember important features of the environment.
What is temporal awareness?
A complex understanding of the passage of time related to planning, sequencing, and altering movements.
Define spatial awareness.
The process of becoming aware of the relative positions of one’s body and objects around them.
What are higher-level cognitive functions?
Specific mental functions such as decision making, abstract thinking, planning, mental flexibility, and appropriate behavior decision making.
What does kinesthetic perception include?
- Stereognosis (recognition of objects by manipulation)
- Kinesthesis (perception of the extent of limb movements)
- Proprioception (perception of limb and body position in space)
Define figure-ground perception.
A property of perception where there is a tendency to identify a complex sensory field as an array of solid, well-defined objects against a background.
What is the typical maturation age for perception of depth?
About age 12.
What is asynchronous development?
A situation where normal developmental progression is highly uneven, leading to feelings of helplessness and distress.
Define learned helplessness.
A pattern of behavior that occurs when a person faces unsolvable problems.
How do children tailor their communications in school?
They learn to speak appropriately to teachers, classmates, and other adults.
What is social referencing?
The ability of children to imitate the behaviors of others in new situations to ease into interpersonal relationships.
What skills do children develop in middle childhood regarding conversation?
- Engage in constructive conversation
- Reflect culturally prescribed rules in communication
- Grasp double meanings of words
- Initiate and maintain extended conversations
What is the typical age at which children develop a body schema?
By age 6.
What is the definition of toxic stress?
Stress resulting from intense adverse experiences sustained over a long period, leading to permanent brain development changes.
Define coincidence-anticipation (CA) timing.
The ability to time a movement in response to another moving object.
What is hand dominance?
The consistent and more proficient use of the preferred hand in functional and skilled tasks.
What is the typical growth rate for well-nourished children during middle childhood?
2 to 3 inches a year from ages 6 to 11.
Define auditory impairment.
A broad term covering individuals with hearing loss ranging from mild to profound.
What is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A developmental disorder manifesting as behavioral difficulties associated with inattention and impulsivity.
What is the role of working memory in middle childhood?
Supports attention, language comprehension, and language production.
What is a self-concept?
The composite of ideas, feelings, and attitudes that children have about their identity, worth, capabilities, and limitations.
What is reaction time?
The time delay between the presentation of a stimulus and the motor response to that stimulus.
