What is the classification of theory that contrasts biological inheritance with environmental influence?
Nature vs. Nurture
What classification of theory differentiates methods of data collection focusing on descriptions versus numerical values?
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
What classification refers to the consistency of behavior over time versus variability?
Stability vs. Instability
What classification contrasts approaches that simplify complex systems with those that maintain their complexity?
Reductionist vs. Non-reductionist
What classification distinguishes between a holistic view of development and a mechanistic view?
Organismic vs. Mechanistic
What term describes the direction of physical development from head to toe?
Cephalocaudal
What term describes the development pattern from the center of the body outwards?
Proximal-distal
What term refers to the development from the midline of the body to the outer edges?
Medial to lateral
Who is known for performing large-scale developmental studies that generated norms for motor development?
Arnold Gesell
What is the primary focus of Gesell’s theory of development?
Neuromaturational
What concept is used to describe the gradual increase in complexity of motor skills?
Reciprocal Interweaving
What theory emphasizes the role of environmental stimulation in motor development?
McGraw’s Theory
What is the term for the feedback loop controlling motor function?
Hierarchical Theory
What is the term for the developmental zone where skill development begins according to Vygotsky?
Zone of Proximal Development
What psychological theory emphasizes the social nature of learning?
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operations
- Formal Operations
What are the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development?
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair
What is the first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Trust vs. Mistrust
What stage in Erikson’s theory involves the pressure to develop intimate relationships?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
What theory is known for its contributions to understanding moral development?
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
What are the three levels in Kohlberg’s moral development theory?
- Pre-Conventional
- Conventional
- Post-Conventional
What is the concept of ‘affordance’ in perceptual theories?
The relationship between the environment and the opportunities for action it provides
What are the dimensions of temperament according to Chess and Thomas?
- Activity Level
- Rhythmicity
- Approach/Withdrawal
- Adaptability
- Sensory Threshold
- Quality of Mood
- Intensity of Reactions
- Distractibility
- Persistence
- Attention
What is the concept of ‘schema’ in Piaget’s theory?
A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information
