Anatomy & Physiology 12 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, illeum

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2
Q

Appendix function

A

Major source for bacteria that does surveillance in digestive system

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3
Q

Where does most of food digestion happen

A

Duodenum

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4
Q

Where does most of water digestion happen

A

Jejunum

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5
Q

Mucosa components

A

Circular folds, villi, microvilli (brush border has digestive enzymes)

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6
Q

Epithelial cells of mucosa

A

Simple columnar

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7
Q

How does fat go through villi

A

Lacteal system

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8
Q

Intestinal crypts function

A

Mucus goes through to keep small intestine lubricated

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9
Q

Paneth cell

A

Secrets digestive enzymes to break down invading bacteria

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10
Q

Main function of illeum

A

Movement of food, water reabsorption

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11
Q

Submucosa

A

Duodenal glands (secretes alkaline mucus)

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12
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

Found in ileum, they watch the entry / exit to small intestine for bacteria growth

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13
Q

Secretion motility segmentation and peristalsis

A

Form a bolus, uses contractions of two muscles to move it along

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14
Q

4 macromolecules

A

Carbs, proteins, fats, nucleic acids

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15
Q

Carbs

A

Comes from starches, digest into oligosaccharides

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16
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Broken down into monosaccharides

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17
Q

Absorption of sugar

A

Must be absorbed in glucose form, absorbed by SGLT

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18
Q

Core of villus

A

Blood vessels, so all the sugar like glucose and fructose is absorbed into bloodstream

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19
Q

Proteins

A

Digestion starts in stomach, pepsin from pepsinogen secreted by chief cells

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20
Q

Pepsin

A

Starts our protein digestion, works at 1-2 pH

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21
Q

Pancreas in protein

A

Secretes a whole new set of enzymes that cleave the proteins into individual amino acids

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22
Q

Lipids

A

Lingual lipase does 10% in stomach
Small intestine turns the lipid into fat globules, then bile salt emulsifies it into smaller bits

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23
Q

Where is fat stored

A

Liver

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24
Q

Vitamins

A

Absorbed in ileum
Water soluble vitamins diffused through cell

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25
Sodium absorption
Absorbed with glucose
26
Ileocecal valve
Where small intestine joins the large intestine
27
Direction of large intestine
Up, across, down
28
Haustrum
Bulges, muscle coils around them for peristalsis
29
Rectum
Ending of large intestine
30
External anal sphincter
Skeletal muscle, voluntary
31
Mucosa in large intestine
Goblet cells to secrete mucus and help lubricate feces and move it
32
Relaxing internal sphincter
Involuntary (intrinsic delectation reflex, parasympathetic)
33
Layers of the digestive tract
Mucosa (stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, lower anal canal, simple columnar everywhere else) Submucosa where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, glands are
34
Contraction of inner circular muscle
Tube gets narrower
35
Contraction of outer longitudinal muscle
Tube gets shorter
36
Enteric nervous system function
Sends sensory and motor info from GI tract to brain
37
Where are neural short reflexes
Myenteric plexus in digestive tract
38
Paracrine secretion
Prostaglandins, histamine
39
Muscles involved in chewing
Temporalis, masseter
40
What is lingual lipase activated by
Stomach acid
41
What pH is saliva
6.8-7, maintained by electrolytes
42
Glands of saliva (intrinsic)
Lingual, buccal, labial
43
Glands of saliva (extrinsic)
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
44
What cranial nerves are involved in saliva production
Facial, glossopharyngeal
45
Pressure of food on oropharynx stimulates
Blockade of oral cavity and nasal cavity and trachea
46
When stomach is empty how big is it
50mL
47
Stomach arterial supply
Branches of celiac trunk
48
Stomach venous drainage
Hepatic portal circulation - liver - heart
49
Mucosa of stomach
Simple columnar with gastric pits
50
Muscularis externa of stomach
Inner oblique muscle layer as well as circular/longitudinal
51
Chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
52
Parietal cells
Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
53
Enteroendocrine cells
Secrete paracrine messengers and hormones
54
How is H ions pumped out of parietal cells
Via K and H anti port using ATP
55
Function of HCl
Activates enzymes pepsin, lingual lipase Converts Fe3 to Fe2
56
Intrinsic factor function
Absorption of vitamin B12
57
Chemical messenger function
Gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, histamine
58
Where does chyme come from
pushed from Pyloric region into duodenum via pyloric sphincter
59
What does stomach digest
Lipids, partially proteins, aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs
60
What junctions do the cells have
Tight
61
Cephalic phase
External stimuli - HYP - medulla - vagus nerves - stimulates stomach secretions
62
What releases Ach
Enteric and parasympathetic NS
63
When pH drops secretion ______
Slows
64
What 3 hormones suppress stomach secretion
Secretin, CCK, GIP
65
Where do those hormones come from
Duodenum
66
Lobes of liver
Right left quadrate caudate
67
Porta hepatis contains
Hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery, bile duct
68
In what lobe is gallbladder found
Quadrate lobe
69
Pathways of blood flow from digestive tract of liver
Mesenteric vein - hepatic portal vein - hepatic sinusoids - hepatic vein
70
Role of hepatic artery
Deliver oxygen and materials to liver
71
Gallbladder function
Storage organ for bile
72
Where does bile end up
In small intestine 80 percent reabsorbed into ileum 20 excreted
73
Pancreas glands
Endocrine and exocrine
74
Endocrine gland
Insulin and glucagon
75
Exocrine gland
Pancreatic juices containing sodium bicarbonate for buffer, zymogens
76
Bile and pancreatic juices secreted in response to
Ach, CCK, gastrin, secretin
Anatomy & Physiology 12
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