respiration

Question 1

conducting division

Answer 1

passages that are only for airflow

Question 2

respiratory division

Answer 2

alveoli and gas exchange regions

Question 3

three types of pharynx

Answer 3

naso/oro/laryngo

Question 4

how many lobes on right lung

Answer 4

3

Question 5

how lobes on left lung

Answer 5

2

Question 6

bronchial tree sections

Answer 6

main, lobar, segmental

Question 7

type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 7

simple squamous, most common

Question 8

type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 8

secretes surfactant (like soap)

Question 9

what is parietal pleura attached to

Answer 9

ribs

Question 10

what is visceral pleura attached to

Answer 10

lungs

Question 11

4 types of respiratory volumes

Answer 11

tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual

Question 12

4 types of respiratory capacities

Answer 12

viral, inspiratory, functional residue, total lung

Question 13

diaphragm

Answer 13

dome shaped when relaxed

Question 14

volume/pressure in cavity is ______ when relaxed

Answer 14

low, high

Question 15

when contracted volume/pressure is _____

Answer 15

high, low

Question 16

inspiration muscles

Answer 16

erector spinae, sternocleidmastoid, pectoralis

Question 17

expiration muscles

Answer 17

abs, latissimus dorsi, pelvic muscle

Question 18

brain respiratory centers

Answer 18

1. ventral (medulla)
2. dorsal (medulla)
3. pontine (Pons)

Question 19

ventral respiratory group

Answer 19

primary generator of respiratory rhythm

Question 20

dorsal respiratory group

Answer 20

modifies VRG when respiration rate and depth changes

Question 21

pontine respiratory group

Answer 21

receives input from higher control and gives input to VRG/DRG

Question 22

central and peripheral input

Answer 22

central/peripheral chemoreceptors
stretch receptors
irritant receptors

Question 23

4 respiratory volumes meaning

Answer 23

amount of air inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing

Question 24

if too high carbon dioxide

Answer 24

chemoreceptors detect
Autonomic respiratory centers respond
DRG and PRG send signal to VRG, neurons fire and respiration rate increases

Question 25

boyle’s law

Answer 25

high volume = low pressure

Question 26

daltons law

Answer 26

total pressure = sum of all individual gas pressures

Question 27

charles law

Answer 27

when temperature goes up, gas volume goes up

Question 28

henrys law

Answer 28

more pressure = more gas dissolves

Question 29

eupnea

Answer 29

normal breathing

Question 30

hyperpnea

Answer 30

fast breathing

Question 31

dyspnea

Answer 31

gasping

Question 32

3 factors of resistance to airflow

Answer 32

diameter of bronchioles pulmonary compliance (elasticity) surface tension

Question 33

ventilation - perfusion coupling

Answer 33

breathing - nourishment of tissues exchange

Question 34

poor ventilation means

Answer 34

decreased perfusion

Question 35

acidosis causes

Answer 35

hyperventilation

Question 36

alkalosis causes

Answer 36

hypoventilation

Question 37

biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

Answer 37

promotes oxygen unloading

Question 38

CO2 transport

Answer 38

bicarbonate in plasma 90% bound to hemoglobin 5% dissolved gas 5%

Question 39

O2 transport

Answer 39

bound to hemoglobin 98.5% dissolved in plasma 1.5%

Question 40

dissociation curve

Answer 40

shows % saturation of Hb

Question 41

in alveoli whats the sat %

Answer 41

100, 4 heme bound

Question 42

in tissue whats the sat

Answer 42

75%, 3 heme bound

Question 43

during exercise whats the sat

Answer 43

25% sat, 1 heme bound

Question 44

Bohr effect

Answer 44

More activity means higher carbon dioxide and lower pH so more acidity Oxygen unloads bc of acidity

Question 45

What pushes oxygen off hemoglobin

Answer 45

H+ ions

Question 46

Vital capacity

Answer 46

Deepest possible breath

Question 47

Typical value of tidal volume

Answer 47

500mL

Question 48

Typical value of vital capacity

Answer 48

4700mL

Question 49

Residual volume

Answer 49

1300mL

Question 50

Surfactant does

Answer 50

Reduces surface tension

Question 51

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 51

In medulla, sense pH in CSF

Question 52

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 52

In carotid bodies and aortic bodies, sense pH of blood

Question 53

Effectors of VRG

Answer 53

Inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) neurons

Question 54

4 factors that increase unloading of oxygen

Answer 54

Decreased oxygen pressure, high temperature, Bohr effect and BPG

Question 55

Causes of acidosis

Answer 55

Hypercapnia and response is hyperventilation

Question 56

Cause of alkalosis

Answer 56

Hypocapnia and response is hypoventilation

Question 57

What causes the dissociation curve to shift right

Answer 57

Increased CO2, decreased pH, increased temp

Question 58

What causes dissociation curve to shift left

Answer 58

Decreased CO2, increased pH, decreased temp