FORENSIC 3 Midterm Flashcards by Eunise Torreblanca

Refers to a written record of all the individuals who maintained
unbroken control over certain items of evidence collected from a crime scene.

Chain of Custody

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An evidence Specialist, also commonly referred to as an evidence collector, evidence technician or evidence custodian, is a crime scene investigation (CSI) professional who is responsible for collecting, preserving,
documenting, and preparing physical evidence once it arrives from the crime scene.

Evidence Collector – (Officer on case)

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Is a professional who examines and interprets physical evidence for
courtroom testimony, dealing with ethical issues like bias, fraud, and report writing in their work.

Forensic examiner

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Refers to some police personnel who is charged with the duty of
receiving, recording and safekeeping of all seized/recovered evidence pending its proper disposition.

Evidence custodian

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In the PHILIPPINES setting - Evidence is presented through the presentation of witnesses, who are tasked with identifying and authenticating the parties’ documentary and object evidence. Witnesses may be subject to
direct examination, cross-examination, redirect examination and re-cross
examination.

Court presentation

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All evidence collected at the crime scene should be tagged. If the item cannot be tagged, then it should be labeled or marked. Consistency should always be adhered to in the information that is used for marking and labeling the evidence.

True

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It reduce the risk to tamper the evidence thereby enables to easily identify the evidence for further investigation in the near fure

Proper Tagging, Labeling

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is used in the field as a successful tool that will reveal, simplify, organize and identify the numerous items of evidence found at crime scenes

Proper marking of evidence

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Often linked with evidence to the court, particularly in criminal matters. Itinvolves the use of a wide range of technologies and investigative methods and procedures.

It helps to recover, analyses, and preserve computer and related materials insuch a manner that it helps the investigation agency to present them as evidence
in a court of law.

Forensic analysis

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utilizes a variety of technical and scientific skills to identify and analyze physical and trace evidence collected at crime scenes as part of a criminal investigation.

Forensic analyst

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Chromatography, spectroscopy, hair and fiber analysis, and serology (such as DNA examination)

Traditional forensic analysis method

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Is any substance that may cause explosion by its sudden decomposition or combustion.

Explosive

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CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES

I- According to the Velocity of Reaction involved
a. Low explosive
b. Primary and initiating explosive
c. High explosives

II- According to their Chemical Structure
a. Organic explosives
b. Inorganic explosives

III- According to their application or design
a. Military explosives
b. Industrial explosives

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burn rapidly but speed of the reaction is slower the speed and
sound.
ex. Black powder and smokeless powder

Low Explosives

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Powerful chemical explosive that produces gas at a very high rate
ex. Dynamit

High explosive

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These types of explosives are highly sensitive to shock, friction or heat, and under normal conditions can detonate violently instead of burning. Also referred to as primers, blasting caps or detonators, these are generally used to set off other explosives and must be handled with great care.

Initiating or primary explosive

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Compared with primers, non-initiating explosives are relatively insensitive to heat, friction or shock, and will normally burn than detonate when ignited in small quantities in an open air.

Non initiating explosive

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a violent bursting or expansion caused by the release of mechanical or nuclear energy from a confined area.

Explosion

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caused by the expansion of gas that produces high pressure beyond the capacity of the container

Mechanical explosion

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results from the atomic transformation of atomic elements

Atomic or nuclear explosion

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Three stage of nuclear or atomic explosion

Fission
Fusion
Tremendous release of energy, gas, heat, and
shock.

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produced through the extremely rapid transformation of unstable substances accompanied by heat formation.

Chemical explosion

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a similar phenomenon except that the energy released is initially
directed inward.

Implosion

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Basically, comes from the powder component of bullet, elements from cartridge cases and gun barrel where the bullet passes. It may be found on the skin or clothing of the person who discharged the gun, on the entrance bullet hole of garment or wound of the victim, or on the target materials at the scene.

Gun residue

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Are performed to help the investigators in determining whether a person has discharged or not; and the possible gunshot range or the distance. Of the shooter to the victim. Both hands of the suspect as well as those of the victim, the firearms and clothing of the victim must be examined to determine the presence of gunpowder nitrates.

Paraffin test

Types of Powder used in the ammunition of small firearms.

1. Black powder 2. Smokeless powder

performed to help the investigators in determining whether a person has discharged/fired a firearm/gun or not; whether a firearm was discharged or not; and the possible gunshot range or the distance of the shooter to the victim. Both hands of the suspect as well as those of the victim, the firearms and clothing of the victim must be examined to determine the presence of gunpowder nitrates.

Gunshot residue examination

To determine whether a person has discharged a firearm, the Paraffin–Diphenylamine test is used.

Truw

Paraffin casting of the alleged shooter shall only be done within _________ hours from the time of alleged shooting incident. No person shall be subjected to paraffin casting after the lapse of specified period.

72 hours

Taking of Paraffin Casts- Materials and Apparatus

a. Paraffin wax b. Absorbent cotton c. Bond paper d. Burner e. Beaker of Casserole f. Tong

Classification of gunshot distance

- Burning- (direct) - Singeing (1 to 2 inches) - Smudging (2 to 8 inches) - Tattooing (8 to 12 inches)

SAFETY PRODUCE WHEN RESPONDING TO AN EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT

a. Do not use two-way radios, radar, or television transmitting device within 500 feet. This includes Mobile Data Terminals and cellular phones. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) given off by these devices can detonate the item. b. Notify proper authorities (BFP, Police department, EOD, etc.) c. Clear and Control the area. The size and type of explosive, terrain, shielding and other factors will determine the area to be controlled. d. Stage emergency medical service (EMS), Fire and Police units outside the control unit. e. Do not proceed to the suspected explosive. It may have motion sensitive or acoustic fuses that function when disturbed or senses target. Use binoculars to observe the area. f. Reduce potential effect of blast and flying shrapnel by opening doors and windows and by placing emergency vehicles in the path of the blast wave to act as shield.

circulates throughout the body and is made up of four elements, namely, the Red Blood Cell (erythrocytes), the White Blood Cells (Leucocytes), Blood platelets, and plasma.

Blood

Human blood consists of ___plasma, of which ____is water and ____ are proteins (albumen, globulin, and fibrinogen).

65%, 90%, 10%

Blood clots found at the crime scene usually exhibits a straw-yellow colored liquid.

Serum

a branch of science that deals with the determination of the type and characteristics of blood, blood testing, and the examination of bloodstain, semen, saliva, and other body fluids that may or may not involve with DNA typing

Serology

the blood of every human being belongs toone of four blood groups, which are known as groups O, A, B and AB. This blood group cannot be altered by the lapse of time or by the presence of a disease.

Blood grouping test

The examination of the shapes and the distribution of the patterns and locations of bloodstains, which can provide an interpretation of the physical events that gave rise to their origin.

BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS (BSPA)

Factors to be considered and observed during analysis:

a. Direction of Travel c. Origin of Blood spatter b. Surface Texture d. Impact Angle

a. Benzidine Test (Intense Blue) b. Phenolphthalein Test/Kastle-Meyer Test (Deep permanganate color) c. Guaiacum Test/Van Deen’s or Schonbem’s Test (Blue) d. Leucomalachite Green Test (Bluish-green) BPGL IPBB

Screening test

a. Microscopic test b. Microchemical test c. Test to determine if blood is of human origin d. Parentage test

Confirmatory test

these are drops created or formed by the force of gravity acting alone.

Passive blood stain

caused by dripping blood

Drip

created by force of gravity.

Drop

refers to a change in the shape and direction of a bloodstain due to the influence of gravity or movement of the object.

Pool

created when a wet and bloody surface comes in contact with a secondary surface.  Smudge  Contact Bleeding  Wipe  Swipe or Smear

Transfer blood stain

The body fluid produced by a male sex organ, usually amounting to 2.5 to 6.0 ml seminal fluid per ejaculation. Each ml contains 100 million or more spermatozoa.

Semen

consisting of cellular elements including spermatozoa.

Seminal fluid

composed of choline and lecithin.

Epithelial Cells and Crystals

A large number of criminal cases handled by a forensic laboratory often involve sexual offenses, making it necessary to examine exhibits for the presence of seminal stain

FORENSIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SEMEN

A large number of criminal cases handled by a forensic laboratory often involve sexual offenses, making it necessary to examine exhibits for the presence of seminal stain

FORENSIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SEMEN

TWO-STEP PROCESS OF FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF SEMEN

1. Location of the semen 2. Conduct of tests to prove the identity of the one who produced it.

TWO METHODS OF SEMEN LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION

1. Acid Phosphate Color Test 2. Manually examining the semen left on fabric, which usually appears stiff and crusty.

Here, a drop of the fluid is placed on a glass slide to which a few drops of distilled water are added. This is then examined under a high-powered microscope to determine the presence of sperm cells or spermatozoa. A spermatozoon has a head and a thin flagellate tail.

Wet specimen

Dry semen has a stiff starchy feeling when deposited on a piece of clothing. It may have a slight deepening of color (grayish white sometimes yellowish) and disappearance of odor. It also exhibits bright bluish fluorescence under UV Light.

Physical examination of dry specimen

named after Dr. Florence of Lyons, uses potassium triiodide that results in the formation ofcrystals to indicate the presence of choline.

Florence test

using picric acid as crystallizing agent, this results in the formation of spermine picrate crystals, which appear as a slender yellow-tainted rhomboid needles with obtuse angles that may sometimes appear as ovoid crystals.

Barberio’s test

this test identifies the presence of acid phosphatase, which produces an orange-red pigment.

Acid phosphatase (Dr. Sidney Kaye)

the Florence and Barberio tests are based on the formation of characteristic crystals that are observed under a microscope, while the acid phosphatase indicates the presence of acid phosphate enzyme, which indicates human origin.

True

this test identifies sperm cells or spermatozoa, which indicates that the semen is of human origin; spermatozoa die as the semen dries. In this test, the rapid stirring of a fabric-stain-water mixture will transfer a small amount of sperm into the water.

Microscopic examination

this test is used to differentiate human from animal seminal fluid. It is also used to detect spermato precipitins.

Biological Examination (Farnum 1901)

A molecule that contains all the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all known viruses and living organisms. It is a nucleic acid comprising of macromolecules essential for all known forms of life.

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

DNA found in semen, skin, blood, saliva or hair found at a crime scene is used to identify an individual, such as a perpetrator or the victim. This process is formally called DNA profiling but may also be called “genetic fingerprinting.”

True

One of the first methods used in finding out genetics used for DNA profiling.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis

It identifies specific DNA sequences of interest, wherein the DNA sample is denatured into separate individual strands.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis

- It uses highly polymorphic regions with short repeated sequences. It helps identify unrelated individuals.

Short Tandem Repeats (STR) Analysis

This technique is faster than RFLP analysis and uses PCR to amplify DNA Samples. It relies on variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms to distinguish DNA samples from one another.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AmpFLP) Analysis

The following are the guidelines in the proper preservation and safekeeping of evidenc

1. Proper chain of custody shall always be observed. 2. All examined pieces of evidence (drugs and other paraphernalia, explosives, firearms, etc.) shall be personally turned over by the examiner on case to the evidence custodian. The latter, in turn, shall execute its documentation by recording all received as well as released evidence for court presentation. No examiners shall keep in their possession evidence once examined. 3. Evidence shall be properly placed in suitable dry containers for proper preservation and shall be placed inside the concrete evidence room. 4. Clothing removed from the victim should be cautiously and carefully to prevent powder residues from becoming dislodged handled 5. Do not wad the specimen or pack it loosely for shipment. 6. Secure the area to be tested between two layers of heavy cardboard fastened together tightly to prevent the specimen from becoming postlude about in the transit 7. Each specimen should be wrapped tightly and marked. 8. Clothing heavily smeared with blood should be dried thoroughly before packing. 9. Gun recovered from the scene of the crime and ammunition available should be preserved. 10. Person suspected to have discharged a firearm should be subjected to a paraffin test. (Cover his hands with paper bags to avoid contamination). Examination must be performed immediately and in no case should it be postponed 72 hours after the shooting

should be packaged separately and clearly labeled.

Control

includes materials that are often microscopic in nature and are readily exchanged between people, places and objects upon contact

Transfer

involves sorting, corroborating, and linking evidence and facts to prove, disprove and weigh competing theories

Analysis

The practice of removing evidence, with required authorizations and approval from the custody of the evidence management unit

Disposition of materials physical or electronic evidence

process to protect evidence from contamination and tampering

Chain of evidence

seized to court presentation

Chain of custody

to ensure the integrity of evidence by preventing tampering or unauthorized access.

Sealed

refers to the process of identifying and labeling physical items or documents that are collected as part of investigation or legal proceedings.

Markings

is a detailed record documenting the collection ,handling and custody of physical evidence.

Evidence log

The initial questioning of a witness, by the party that called them to the stand .

DIRECT EXAMINATION ( PROPONENT )

The method that lawyers use to get information from a witness.

CROSS EXAMINATION ( OPPONENT )

is to clarify or rebut any issues that may have been raised during the cross-examination.

RE DIRECT EXAMINATION ( PROPONENT )

is a second round of questioning of a witness by the opposing party's lawyer, after the redirect examination

RECROSS EXAMINATION (OPPONENT )

Attaching a tag directly to the evidence (if feasible) or its immediate container

Tagging

Using labels on evidence bags or containers to record detailed information.

Labeling

Directly marking the evidence itself with identifying information, especially for larger items or when tagging is not practical

Marking

Powerful chemical explosive that produces gas at a very high rate

High explosive

__________ The combustion of cellulose in a fire is very fast. -________Rusting of iron can take a long time.

Rapid reaction Slow reaction

compounds containing carbon-based molecules and a high energy content that can be released rapidly through a chemical reaction, often involving a rapid expansion of gases.

Organic explosives

used in improvised explosive devices (IEDs)

Inorganic Explosives

substances designed to rapidly release energy through a detonation, producing a shock wave and blast effect. These detonate at high speed, creating a powerful shockwave

Military explosives

A widely used standard explosive.

TNT (Trinitrotoluene)

A powerful explosive often used in combination with other explosives.

RDX (Research Department Explosive

essential for rock excavation, demolition, and other large-scale engineering projects. Most industrial explosives consist of an oxidizer (like ammonium nitrate), a fuel, and a stabilizer

Industrial Explosives

the splitting of a large atomic nucleus into smaller particles.

Fission

the combination of light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.

Fusion

rapid, forceful expansion of matter accompanied by a large release of energy, heat, and the generation of high-pressure gases is called an

Explosion

it can caused .Physical Destruction, Fires , Toxic Gases

Chemical explosion

a process where an object is reduced to smaller pieces and the pieces are being expelled from the original place. An implosion is a similar phenomenon but the pieces collapse into the center of the object instead of being expelled

Explosion

main functions is to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body– due to protein called hemoglobin.

The Red Blood Cell (erythrocytes

the body’s immune system , they help to the body fight for infection and other disease

The White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)

they are made in the bone marrow and help the blood clot or stop and prevent bleeding.

Blood platelets ( thrombocytes )

the liquid portion of blood about 55% of our blood,to take nutrients , hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.

Plasma

including forensic science, look for the presence of hemoglobin

Micro chemical test

also known as a paternity test, is a genetic test used to determine if a person is the biological parent of a child

Parentage test

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

pathogens

refers to the complete absence of semen during ejaculation,

Aspermia

indicates a low sperm count in the semen

oligospermia

is the absence of sperm in the semen, even though semen may be present

azoospermia

FORENSIC 3 Midterm Flashcards

(107 cards)