Forensic 3 Prefinal

Question 2

The science of detecting and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in tissues, organs, and body fluids.

Answer 2

Toxicology

Question 3

specialized area of toxicology which deals specifically with animal, plant, and microbial toxins

Answer 3

Toxinology

Question 4

are natural substances produced by living organisms.

Answer 4

Toxins

Question 5

are synthetic substances from chemicals which are
considered toxicants.

Answer 5

Toxic substance

Question 6

Importance of Toxicology

Answer 6

 Toxicology is used to verify if a case being examined is poisoning or if there is a foul play in the crime scene, which may have caused the death of the victim.
 Toxicology is an important tool in conducting criminal investigation that rely heavily on the analysis of toxins and toxic substances.

Question 7

the condition wherein a toxic substance does not affect the body
the way it used to be (e.g., in the case of benzodiazepines, amphetamines, morphine, heroin, and methadone)

Answer 7

Tolerance

Question 8

the opposite of tolerance, that is, small amounts can have fatal effects (e.g., in the case of aspirin, penicillin, cocaine, etc.)

Answer 8

Idiosyncrasy

Question 9

aside from blood, lungs can also be checked for samples to
determine solvent abuse.

Answer 9

Lungs

Question 10

many drugs tend to concentrate on
these areas.

Answer 10

Liver, Kidney, Brain, and Fat –

Question 11

these are sources for bodies that are already decomposed.

Answer 11

Organs

Question 12

these are excellent sources of samples to determine heavy metal poisoning, such as arsenic, antimony, or
thallium.

Answer 12

Hair and nail clippings

Question 13

heavy metals often concentrate in the _____

Answer 13

Kidneys

Question 14

can be a source of alcohol/drug sample

Answer 14

Vitreous humor

Question 15

can be a source of samples of non-polar solvents, freon, or
chloroform

Answer 15

Brain

Question 16

is a substance that when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism
causes death or injury.

Answer 16

Poison

Question 17

is one that still poisons no matter how diluted it is.

Answer 17

True poison

Question 17

is a substance that when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism
causes death or injury.

Answer 17

Poison

Question 18

which by contact with it chemically produces local destruction of tissues.

Answer 18

Corrosive poison

Question 19

one that increases suddenly in its intensity if action after gradual additions to it.

Answer 19

Cumulative poison

Question 20

CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS
1. Based on Origin

Answer 20

a. Vegetable – poisons that comes from plants. (Ex. Poison Ivy)
b. Animal – poisons transferred through bites and stings of terrestrial
or marine animals. (Ex. Snake bites, sting from jellyfish and bees.)
c. Mineral – are strong acids and bases (Ex. HCL and NaOH)
d. Microbial – are poisons produced by microscopic organism. (Ex.
Bacteria in spoiled food and fungi found in expired bread)
e. Synthetic – are poisons chemically produced in the laboratory that
have useful importance to its purpose but become poisonous when
taken into the body. (Ex. Pesticides and overdose drugs)

Question 21

Based on Chemical Properties

Answer 21

a. Metallic – are poisons that can be detected through isolation and
extraction using solvent extraction and flame test like test for arsenic
exhibits blue color on flame test.
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b. Non-volatile Poisons – are poisons that can be analyzed through
extraction using solvents and confirmatory test with the use of
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR)
c. Volatile Poisons – are poisons that can be isolated through
distillation; its distillate can be analyzed using GC-MS
d. Anions – are poisons that can be detected through qualitative
methods of examination for the presence of anions. (Ex. Sulfates,
sulphides, chlorine, and alkalis)
e. Miscellaneous – other poisons. (Ex. Pesticides, herbicides, and
fertilizers)

Question 22

one in which there is prompt and marked disturbance
of function or death within a shorter period of time and is due to:
1. Taking a strong poison
2. Excessive single dose
3. Several doses, small but frequentac

Answer 22

Acute poisoning

Question 23

kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of functions of tissues and may or may not result in death. It may be produced by:
1. Taking several small doses at long intervals.
2. Taking only toxic doses of the drug.

Answer 23

Chronic poisoning

Question 24

toxicological aspect of criminal investigations

Answer 24

Police cases

Question 25

analytical studies in support of the medical examiner to determine the cause of death.

Answer 25

Postmortem cases

Question 26

resulting from the illegal use of drugs.

Answer 26

Drug abuse cases

Question 27

evidence deduced from occurrence of facts or circumstances. Ex. Motives for poisoning, purchasing the poison; keeping the materials used. This is not strong evidence.

Answer 27

Circumstantial or moral evidence

Question 28

evidence obtained by chemical analysis of the suspected substance or the vomit or secretion of the body. This alone is not reliable because the poison may be decomposed or changed, or it may have been replaced after death.

Answer 28

Symptomatic evidence

Question 29

this includes the symptoms observed during the poisoning. This is not conclusive because some diseases may show similar symptoms as those of poisoning. Ex. Arsenic poisoning is like cholera; alcoholic coma may stimulate diabetic coma.

Answer 29

Symptomatic Evidence

Question 30

evidence is obtained from an examination of the tissues and organs after death. There are many poisons. However, that do not produce characteristic findings. Also, the findings may be like those produced by diseases.

Answer 30

Postmortem Evidence

Question 31

is obtained by administering the suspected substance to some living animal and noting the effect or symptoms. This alone is also not conclusive because the tolerance may not be the same as in man.

Answer 31

Experimental evidence

Question 32

the science which deals with the study or the dosage of medicine to be administered within a certain period.

Answer 32

Posology

Question 33

any substance which can be administered to correct or alleviate the disease or disordered state of the system.

Answer 33

Medicine

Question 34

is the quantity of medicine to be administered at one time.

Answer 34

Dose

Question 35

one that does not cause harmful effects. Sometimes, however, it may be too small to produce the desired effects.

Answer 35

Safe dose

Question 36

smallest amount of medicine that can produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing harm.

Answer 36

Minimum dose

Question 37

the largest amount that will cause no injury but at the same time produce the desired therapeutic effect.

Answer 37

Maximum dose

Question 38

– one that is harmful both to the healthy and the sick.

Answer 38

Toxic or poisonous dose

Question 39

Dose that kills

Answer 39

Lethal or Fatal Dose

Question 40

any agent that neutralizes a poison or otherwise counteracts or opposes its effects.

Answer 40

Antidote

Question 41

one that makes the poison harmless by chemically altering it.

Answer 41

Chemical/True/Specific antidote

Question 42

an agent that removes the poison without changing it; coats the surface of the organ so that absorption is prevented.

Answer 42

Mechanical antidote/Antidotal Measure

Question 43

- an agent that acts upon the system so as to counteract the effects of the poison.

Answer 43

Physiological or Antagonist or Symptomatic Antidote - an agent that acts upon the system so as to counterac

Question 44

agent thar causes vomiting

Answer 44

Emetics

Question 45

agent that produces intestinal evacuation.

Answer 45

Cathartic

Question 46

agent that forms a protective film, soothes and protects the parts where demulcent is applied.

Answer 46

Demulcent

Question 47

are substances that prevent absorption of poisons by precipitating them and rendering them insoluble

Answer 47

Precipitants

Question 48

inorganic substance in a condition which is continuous with, and analogous to, the liquid state of that substance, but which, as the result of reversible change in viscosity as to be, for all practical purposes, rigid. Glass is normally a fused mixture of silica usually in the form of natural sand and two or more alkaline bases such as soda, lime, or potash.

Answer 48

Glass

Question 49

Properties of Glass

Answer 49

1. Glass is somewhat flexible; It tends to bend upon application of force. 2. Glass bends on the direction where force is applied causing the opposite side to stretch. 3. Glass can withstand more bending rather than stretching causing the opposite side to start breaking.

Question 50

may be caused by excessive exposure to heat or caused by impact of a blunt instrument or object, or caused by projectiles.

Answer 50

Glass fracture

Question 51

primary fracture resembles the spokes of a wheel where the radiating rod originates at a common point. Where glass breaks, the lines that radiate from the hole are caused by the glass bending away from the point of impact. The radial fractures originate on the opposite side of the glass, because this is the surface which is the first to feel the tension. As the front of the glass is pushed in, the opposite side is bent backwards. When the limit of glad elasticity is reached, it breaks, with cracking resulting along the radial lines.

Answer 51

Radial fracture

Question 52

secondary fracture having the appearance of circles around the point of impact connecting one radiating crack to the other, thus forming triangular pieces of glass. While the radial fractures are forming, triangles are created between the fractures. The newly formed triangle glass between the radial fractures also bends away from the direction of force. When the limit of elasticity for this triangles is reached, the glass breaks in concentric lines. Concentric fractures originate on the front of the glass.

Answer 52

Concentric fracture

Question 53

characteristic of glad is that when it breaks, the fracture edges appear shell-like in form – that is, having elevations or depressions in the shape of a shell. The technical name for this condition is “conchoidal” fracture.

Answer 53

Conchoidal fracture

Question 54

can be distinguished from those caused by impact since those due to heat do not show a regular pattern of radial and concentric lines. Heat fractures are characteristically wave-shaped. Stress wave

Answer 54

Fractures Caused by Heat

Question 55

will reveal a pattern of radial and concentric fractures. And stress line on the edge in both radial and concentric

Answer 55

Fractures Caused by a Blunt Instrument/Object

Question 56

exhibits a regular pattern of radial/ concentric fracture.

Answer 56

Fresh fracture

Question 57

presence of a short extension lines at the end of the radial fracture

Answer 57

Old fracture

Question 58

Also known as Acid-etching method, is a technique employed in number restoration which involves the application of chemical solution on the metal surface where the serial number is normally located.

Answer 58

MACRO-ETCHING EXAMINATION

Question 59

When a letter or number is stamped into a metal surface, a molecular disturbance occurs beneath the visible portion of the letter or number erased.

Answer 59

Number restoration

Question 60

A series of number that is punched or pressed into a particular object/material to distinguish that object from one another. issometimes preceded with or followed by letters and symbols.

Answer 60

Serial number

Question 61

number that is pressed or punched into a metal surface.

Answer 61

Stamped

Question 62

number that is pressed intendedly using electrical or mechanical gadget.

Answer 62

Engraved number

Question 63

number that is raised from the surface.

Answer 63

Embossed number

Question 64

manufacturing process leaves certain imperfections embedded on the tools’ surfaces. These patterns are unique for each tool. This means that when criminals use a specific tool at a crime scene, the toolmarks left behind can be analyzed by forensic scientists.

Answer 64

Toolmarks

Question 65

impressions or marks produced by a tool or instrument in a receptive surface.

Answer 65

Toolmarks

Question 66

includes its general shape, the type of impression, and its general dimensions. This allows the examiner to identify what type of tool created the impression and how the mark was created.

Answer 66

Class characteristics

Question 67

also called accidental characteristics, are the striations exhibited by the tool, which are unique to a certain tool. They consist of small, commonly microscopic; ridges, indentations, and irregularities present on the tool itself,

Answer 67

Individual characteristics

Question 68

occurs as the tool is dragged across the surface, resulting in toolmarks comprising a series of striations running parallel to each other, following the direction of the drag.

Answer 68

Slipped impression

Question 69

result from the contact of a tool onto a surface with no lateral motion (no drag or slip). The resulting toolmarks are a 3D mold of the part of the tool that touched the surface

Answer 69

Molded impression

Question 70

is a term that includes a variety of impressions not necessarily directly related to tools but are created via the same fashion.

Answer 70

Toolmaker examination

Question 71

the outermost covering of the different parts of the body with the exception of the palm of the hand and the sole of foot.

Answer 71

Hair

Question 72

– Outermost part which is scale-like in appearance

Answer 72

Cuticle

Question 73

the innermost portion that contains the pigment

Answer 73

Cortex

Question 74

the central canal of the hair

Answer 74

Medulla

Question 75

the distal end portion of the hair

Answer 75

Tip

Question 76

portion of the hair above the surface of the skull

Answer 76

Shaft

Question 77

portion that is embedded in the skin

Answer 77

Root

Question 78

also known as filament, is the smallest single unit that forms the basis of a textile yarn.

Answer 78

Fibers

Question 79

thread in layman’s term) is composed of numerous fibers that are spun, twisted, or drawn together to prepare the unit for weaving or knitting.

Answer 79

Yarn

Question 80

defined by the law, is the intentional act of setting fires to the buildings and properties. It covers all kinds of buildings and structures, crops and forests, the personal property of another and even one’s own property if burned with intent to defraud an insurer of such property.

Answer 80

Arson

Question 81

– is the product of continuous combustion of energy-containing compounds combined with oxygen.

Answer 81

Fire

Question 82

be due to sparks, flames, chemical reactions, friction, or compression. The heat must be sufficient in relation to the fuel.

Answer 82

Heat

Question 83

liquid, solid, or gas. These are mostly compounds of carbon and hydrogen.

Answer 83

Fuel

Question 84

supports combustion; the earth’s atmosphere is 21% oxygen of which air is the primary source.

Answer 84

Oxygen

Question 85

is a chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological, behavioral and/or psychological change in a person taking it.

Answer 85

Drigs

Question 86

All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicine drug,

Answer 86

Medicinal Drug – a substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and/or relieves signs/symptoms of disease. Dangerous Drugs - a substance affecting the Central Nervous System which when taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional, or behavioral changes in a person taking it. Drug Abuse – Any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal, economic, or social damage to the user or to people affected by the user’s behavior

Question 87

branch of Forensic chemistry that deals with the scientific examination of drugs and volatile substance

Answer 87

Drug identification