Forensic 4- Questioned Documents

Question 1

Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible
that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to someone, maybe in the form of pencil,
ink writing, typewriting, or printing on a paper.

Answer 1

Document

Question 2

applies to writings; to words printed,lithographed, or photographed; to
maps or plans; to seals, plates,or even stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved.

Answer 2

Document

Question 3

Latin word “documentum”
, means

Answer 3

Lesson or example Medieval Latin “instruction,
or official paper”

Question 4

French word “docere”

Answer 4

means to teach.

Question 5

One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are
contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin. It may be a deed, contract, will, election ballots, marriage contract, check, visas, application form,
check writer, certificates, etc.

Answer 5

Questioned document

Question 6

term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the
document,and strictly speaking this is true meaning

Answer 6

Disputed documents

Question 7

Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens
which,if adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from a known
source.

Answer 7

Standard (Standard Document)

Question 8

in questioned documents investigation, we mean those things whose
origins are known and can be proven and which can be legally used as examples to
compare with other matters in question.

Answer 8

Standard

Question 9

standard specimen executed in the regular course of a man’s
activity or that which are executed on the day-to-day writing activity.

Answer 9

Collected/Procured

Question 10

post litel motam” a standard document which are executed upon request. They are prepared at one time

Answer 10

Requested/Dictated

Question 11

SUFFICIENCY OF STANDARD

Answer 11

Signature- 10 to 25
Handwriting- usually four to five pages of natural writing

Question 12

A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to characterize known
material. Standard is the older term.

Answer 12

Exemplar

Question 13

Any document completely written and signed by one person; In a number of jurisdictions this will can be probated without anyone having witnessed its execution.

Answer 13

Holographic Document.

Question 14

Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist
himin answering special questions. This typewriting, check writing
specimens, inks,pens, pencils, and papers are frequently maintained.

Answer 14

Reference collection

Question 15

notarized by a notary public or competent public official with solemnities required by law (Cacnio vs. Baens, 5 Phil. 742)

Answer 15

Public document

Question 16

issued by the government or its agents or officers having the authority to
do so, in accordance with their duties

Answer 16

Official document

Question 17

executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary public
or any legally authorized person, by which some disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced,
or set forth (US vs Orera, 11 Phil. 596).

Answer 17

Private document

Question 18

executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce or any
Mercantile Law, containing dispositions of commercial rights or obligations

Answer 18

Commercial documents

Question 19

exists only in electronic form, such as data stored on a
computer, network, backup, archive, or other storage media. Examples of documents subject to
e-discovery are emails, instant messages, calendars, audio files, data on handheld devices,
animations, metadata, graphics, photographs, spreadsheets, websites, drawings, and other
types of digital data. (Governed by RA 8792)

Answer 19

Electronic documents

Question 20

WRITINGS WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE DOCUMENTS- based on some Supreme Court rulings:

Answer 20

1. A draft of a Municipal payroll which is not yet approved by the proper authority (People vs.
   Camacho, 44 Phil. 484).
2. Mere blank forms of official documents, the spaces of which are not filled up (People vs.
   Santiago, CA, 48 O.G. 4558).
3. Pamphlets or books which do not evidence any disposition or agreement are not documents
   but mere merchandise (People vs. Agnis, 47 Phil. 945).

Question 21

Classes of questioned documents

Answer 21

1. Documents with questioned signatures.
2. Questioned documents alleged to contain fraudulent alterations.
3. Questioned or disputed holographic wills:
   a. Holographic Will- a will entirely written in the handwriting of the testator.
   b. Notarial Will- signed by the testator and acknowledged before a notary public with
   three witnesses.
4. Documents investigated regarding typewriting:
   a. With a view to ascertaining their source.
   b. With a view to ascertaining their date.
   c. With a view to determining whether or not they contain fraudulent alterations or
   substituted pages.
5. Questioned documents concerning their age or date.
6. Questioned documents regarding the materials used in their production.
7. Documents or writings investigated because they allegedly identify individuals through
   handwriting:
   a. Anonymous and disputed letters.
   b. Superscriptions, registrations, and miscellaneous writing

Question 22

will entirely written in the handwriting of the testator.

Answer 22

Holographic will

Question 23

signed by the testator and acknowledged before a notary public with three witnesses.

Answer 23

Notarial will

Question 24

The act of attempting to interpret the character or personality of an
individual from his handwriting

Answer 24

Graphology

Question 25

The study of early writings, old, and ancient scripts. It also focuses on writings done on papyrus, parchment, vellum, etc.

Answer 25

Paleography

Question 26

Writings and drawings printed on the surface of the rocks.

Answer 26

Petrograms

Question 27

Ability to write with both left and right hand

Answer 27

Ambidextrous

Question 28

An academic discipline of all forms and styles of writing. A love for writing.

Answer 28

Philography

Question 29

Agraphia

Answer 29

The loss of the ability to write

Question 30

The study of handwriting, for example, as used to infer a person’s character.

Answer 30

Graphology

Question 31

Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be referred to as an?

Answer 31

Addition

Question 32

- A scientific conclusion results from relating observed facts by logical, common-sense reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws. The document examiner's conclusion, in legal terms, is referred to as an "opinion"

Answer 32

Conclusion

Question 33

One who scientifically studies the details and elements of documents in order to identify their source or discover other facts concerning them. They are often referred to as handwriting identification experts, but today their work extends beyond mere handwriting examination.

Answer 33

Document examiner

Question 34

The removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from a document. ______may be accomplished by either of two means: chemical eradication, where the writing is removed or bleached by chemical agents (e.g., liquid ink eradicator); or abrasive erasure, where the writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or scratching out with a sharp implement.

Answer 34

Erasure

Question 35

The act of making a close and critical study of any material. With questioned documents, it is the process necessary to discover the facts about them. Various types of examination are undertaken, including microscopic, visual, photographic, chemical, ultraviolet, and infrared examination.

Answer 35

Examination

Question 36

A legal term used to describe a witness who, by reason of special training or experience, is permitted to express an opinion regarding an issue involved in a court action. The purpose is to interpret technical information in their specialty to assist the court in administering justice. The document examiner testifies in court as

Answer 36

Expert witness

Question 37

include the addition of writing or other material between lines or paragraphs, or the addition of whole pages to a document.

Answer 37

insertion" and "interlineation"

Question 38

As used in this text, it means that the source or authorship of the compared questioned and standard specimens is different.

Answer 38

NON-IDENTIFICATION (Non-identity)

Question 39

The blotting out or covering over of writing to make the original invisible, often treated as an addition.

Answer 39

Obliteration

Question 40

In legal language, it refers to the document examiner's conclusion. In court, the examiner not only expresses an opinion but also demonstrates the reasons for arriving at it.

Answer 40

Opinion

Question 41

The professional experience, education, and ability of a document examiner. Before being permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court must rule that the examiner is qualified in their field.

Answer 41

Qualification

Question 42

This involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration, or obliteration of documents. Dr. Wilson Harrison, a noted British Examiner of questioned documents, stated that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by carefully inspecting a document with simple magnifiers and measuring tools.

Answer 42

Criminalistic examination

Question 43

This focuses on determining the author of writing, requiring extensive study and experience.

Answer 43

Handwriting examination/analysis