LEA4 Final Flashcards by Eunise Torreblanca

valuable tool used in law enforcement to analyze and visualize
crime data on maps. It involves the collection, analysis, and presentation of crime-related information to identify patterns, trends, and hotspots.

Crime mapping

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has been the most important advance in the field of crime mapping. There are several important advantages in using virtual maps instead of physical maps.

use of GIS programs for mapping

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a crisis of confidence in traditional police practices emerged following the results of studies

mid-1970s and early 1980s

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the inability of local communities to
realize the common values of their residents or solve commonly experienced problems” proposed to explain why particular neighborhoods experience high crime. first proposed by Shaw and McKay (1942), can be seen as the first attempt to construct a criminological theory of place.

Social disorganization theory

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has been applied extensively to
research on spatial patterns of crime. To Cohen and Felson, crime is a predatory activity and, as such, can subsist only near patterns of legitimate activity.

Routine Activities Theory

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A couple of important theories have been proposed to explain why criminal events occur more frequently. suggest that immediate features of the environment affected crime, with his Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach. This approach emphasizes target hardening and surveillance. Contemporaneously, Newman (1972) also emphasized the role of the environment in creating crime with his defensible space theory.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and Defensible Space
Theories

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is primarily concerned with
understanding offender decision making. This approach assumes that offenders possess limited rationality, meaning that they make rational calculations of the costs and benefits associated with crime but are constrained in their decision making by time, information, context, ability, and prior experiences.

Rational Choice Perspective and Situational Crime Prevention

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According to this perspective, individuals create a cognitive map of their spatial environment with which they are familiar through their routine activities.

Crime Pattern Theory

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a large number of studies have demonstrated that criminal
events are spatially concentrated. Although the extent of concentration differs between studies, all empirical evidence suggests that a small number of places account for the
majority of crime within any given city.

Hot spot

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When designing strategies to address crime in hot-spot areas, it is important to consider the community context that contributes to emergence and maintenance of hot spots.
Neighborhood-level research on spatial crime patterns helps illuminate the factors associated with heightened levels of crime.

Community-Level Factors Affecting Crime

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it is important not only to examine neighborhood-level factors that contribute to the emergence of a crime hot spot but also to consider microlevel place characteristics that promote crime.

City Features and Crime Locations

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Unanticipated consequences are always a concern when designing an intervention. For interventions in crime hot spots, crime displacement is of particular importance.

Crime Displacement

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Identifying areas with a high concentration of criminal
activity.

Crime hotspot

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Analyzing patterns and changes in crime over time

Crime trends

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Identifying recurring patterns in criminal behavior, such
as specific modus operandi or target locations.

Crime Patterns

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Plotting individual crime incidents as points on a map. This is commonly used by the PNP to track specific crime locations, identify hotspots, and respond more effectively.

Point mapping

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Visualizing crime density using color gradients.

Heat Mapping (Density Mapping)

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Displaying crime data aggregated within predefined boundaries using
different colors. Often used to compare crime rates across different barangays (neighborhoods) or municipalities. It helps in identifying regions with higher crime rates.

Choropleth Mapping

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Visualizing crime data over time. To identify crime trends and patterns over time, such as seasonal spikes in crime or specific times of the day when crimes are more frequent.

Temporal Mapping

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Identifying areas with statistically significant concentrations of crime.
Used by the PNP to pinpoint hotspots for targeted law enforcement and community policing efforts.

Hotspot Analysis

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Using historical data and statistical models to forecast future crime locations and times. To anticipate and prevent crimes in high-risk areas. This approach is part of proactive policing strategies.

Predictive Mapping

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Examining the relationship between crime and various spatial factors. To understand how factors like proximity to bars, schools, and other establishments affect crime rates. This helps in urban planning and policy- making.

Spatial Analysis

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Analyzing the travel patterns of To
study how criminals move from their residences to crime locations, assisting in investigations and understanding offender behavior.

Journey to Crime Mapping

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Visualizing relationships and interactions between individuals involved in criminal. Used to dismantle criminal organizations
by identifying key players and their connections.

Social Network Analysis (SNA) Mapping

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Creating three-dimensional visualizations of crime data To analyze crime in urban areas with complex structures and visualize how physical features impact crime patterns

3D Crime Mapping

This electronic system is used nationwide to record crime incidents and generate real-time data for analysis.

PNP's e-Blotter System

Cities like Quezon City and Makati have implemented GIS-based crime mapping systems to improve public safety.

Local Government Initiatives

Universities and research institutions conduct studies and develop crime maps to assist local governments and law enforcement agencies.

Academic and Research Institutions:

Cities like Quezon City and Makati have implemented GIS-based crime mapping systems to improve public safety.

Local Government Initiatives

involves using a physical map (often a large printed map) and colored pins or markers to indicate the locations of crime incidents.

Manual Pin Mapping

Collect data on crime incidents, including the type of crime, location, date, and time

Gather Data

Obtain a detailed and up-to-date map of the area of interest. This could be a city, neighborhood, or specific district.

Prepare the Map

Choose different colors or types of pins to represent various categories of crime (e.g., red for violent crimes, blue for property crimes)

Select Pins/Markers

Place the pins on the map at the locations where the crimes occurred. Each pin should be accurately positioned to reflect the exact location of the incident.

Plot Incidents

Examine the map to identify clusters or patterns of crime, help in recognizing hotspots, trends, and areas needing intervention.

Analyze Patterns

Continuously update the map with new crime data to keep it relevant and useful for ongoing analysis.

Update Regularly

Easy to implement with minimal technological requirements.

Simplicity

Useful in areas with limited access to digital tools or for quick, on-the-spot analysis.

Accessibility

Provides a clear, visual representation of crime patterns that can be easily understood.

Visual Clarity

Requires significant manual effort to plot each crime incident

Time-Consuming

Can become cluttered and less useful with large amounts of data.

Limited Detail

Difficult to update dynamically and lacks the analytical capabilities of digital tools.

Static Nature

Physical maps can degrade over time and are less durable than digital records.

Storage and Durability

Areas without reliable access to computers or GIS software.

Resource-Limited Settings

To visually present crime data in a straightforward manner during public meetings or community policing initiatives.

Community Meetings

As a teaching tool to demonstrate the basics of crime mapping and spatial analysis.

Training and Education

The local police department collects crime reports from the past month, including information on burglaries, thefts, and assaults.

Data collection

A large map of the town is pinned to a board in the police station.

Map Preparation

Red pins are chosen for assaults, blue pins for thefts, and green pins for burglaries.

Pin Selection

Officers place pins on the map corresponding to the locations of the reported crimes.

Plotting incident

The police chief reviews the map and notices a cluster of blue pins in the town's market area, indicating a high incidence of thefts.

Pattern analysis

utilizes specialized software to plot, analyze, and visualize geographic data. it involves digitizing crime data and displaying it on interactive maps to identify patterns, trends, and hotspots.

Computer Mapping

Ability to integrate various data sources, including crime reports, demographic information, and environmental factors.

Data Integration

Dynamic and interactive maps that can display different layers of information, such as crime types, time frames, and geographic areas.

Visualization

Advanced tools for spatial analysis, such as hotspot detection, clustering, and predictive analytics

Analysis Tools

Dynamic and interactive maps that can display different layers of information, such as crime types, time frames, and geographic areas.

Visualization

Capability to handle large datasets and complex queries, making it suitable for both small and large geographic areas.

Scalability

Maps can be shared and accessed online, allowing for wider distribution and collaborative analysis.

Accessibility

Gather crime data from police reports, databases, and other sources.

Data collection

Clean and format the data for compatibility with GIS software.

Data preparation

Choose appropriate GIS software (e.g., ArcGIS, QGIS, MapInfo).

Software selection

Import the crime data into the GIS software.

Data import

Create maps by plotting the crime data and adding relevant layers (e.g., streets, neighborhoods).

Mapping

Use the software’s analytical tools to identify patterns, trends, and hotspots.

Analysis

Generate reports and visualizations for decision-making and public communication.

Reporting

Regularly update the data and maps to reflect new crime incidents and changing patterns.

Updating

High accuracy in plotting data and performing spatial analysis.

Accuracy and precision

Users can interact with maps, zoom in/out, and explore different layers of data.

Dynamic and Interactive

Ability to perform complex analyses, such as predictive modeling and network analysis.

Advanced analysis

Faster data processing and easier updating compared to manual methods.

Efficiency

Maps can be shared and accessed by multiple stakeholders, facilitating collaboration.

Collaboration

High initial costs for software licenses, hardware, and training.

Cost

Requires specialized knowledge to operate GIS software and interpret results.

Technical expertise

Accuracy depends on the quality and completeness of the input data.

Data dependency

Used by police departments to allocate resources, plan patrol routes, and develop crime prevention strategies.

Law enforcement

Helps city planners understand the spatial distribution of crime and design safer urban environments.

Urban planning

Academic and research institutions use computer mapping for studying crime patterns and testing criminological theories.

Research

Interactive maps can be shared with the public to increase awareness and engagement in community safety initiatives.

Public communication

A city police department collects data on various crimes, including burglaries, assaults, and thefts, over the past year.

Data Collection

The department uses ArcGIS for its mapping and analysis capabilities.

Software selection

Crime data is imported into ArcGIS, along with demographic data and information on city infrastructure.

Data import

The software is used to create detailed maps showing the locations of different crimes, with layers for time of day, type of crime, and socio-economic factors.

Mapping

Hotspot analysis reveals several high-crime areas, leading to targeted police patrols and community outreach programs.

Analysis

Interactive maps and reports are generated and shared with city officials and the public to inform safety measures and urban planning decisions.

Reporting

powerful tool that allows users to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Computers and other devices that support GIS operations, such as servers, GPS units, and mobile devices

Hardware

GIS software platforms that provide tools for data analysis and visualization, such as ArcGIS, QGIS, MapInfo, and Google Earth.

Software

Geographic data that can be represented in various formats, including vector data (points, lines, polygons), raster data (grid-based, such as satellite images), and attribute data (information about the features on the map).

Data

Users and analysts who collect, analyze, and interpret geographic data using GIS.

People

Procedures and techniques used to analyze spatial data and produce meaningful results.

Methods

Collecting geographic data from various sources, such as satellite imagery, GPS, surveys, and existing maps.

Data capture

Storing large volumes of spatial data in databases, ensuring easy access and retrieval.

Data storage

Organizing and managing spatial data, including updating, editing, and ensuring data integrity.

Data management

Performing spatial analysis to identify patterns, relationships, and trends. This includes buffering, overlay analysis, spatial querying, and geostatistical analysis.

Data analysis

Creating maps and other visual representations to communicate spatial information effectively. This can include 2D maps, 3D models, and interactive web maps.

Data visualization

Disseminating geographic information through various platforms, including web-based GIS, mobile apps, and printed maps.

Data sharing

Analyzing land use patterns, planning infrastructure, managing urban growth, and zoning.

Urban planning and management

Monitoring natural resources, managing wildlife habitats, tracking pollution, and assessing environmental impacts.

Environmental Management

Mapping disease outbreaks, analyzing healthcare access, and planning public health interventions.

Public health

Optimizing routes, managing transportation networks, and planning public transit systems.

Transportation

Disaster preparedness, response planning, and managing emergency services.

Emergency Management

Precision farming, crop monitoring, and soil analysis.

Agriculture

Property valuation, market analysis, and site selection.

Real estate

Crime mapping, hotspot analysis, and predictive policing.

Criminology

Collect crime incident reports from police databases, including information on the type of crime, location, date, and time.

Data collection

Import the crime data into a GIS software like ArcGIS or QGIS.

Data import

Plot the crime incidents on a map using points. Different symbols or colors can represent different types of crimes

Mapping

Use GIS tools to identify areas with high concentrations of crime, known as ——-. This can involve kernel density estimation or other spatial statistical methods.

Hotspot analysis

Analyze crime patterns over time by creating time-series maps that show changes in crime rates across different periods.

Temporal analysis

Examine the relationship between crime and environmental factors, such as proximity to schools, parks, bars, and transportation hubs.

Environmental analysis

Generate maps and reports that summarize the findings. These can be shared with law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and the community to inform crime prevention strategies.

Reporting

Create interactive web maps that allow users to explore crime data and trends. These maps can be embedded in public safety websites and accessed by the community.

Visualization and sharing

A comprehensive GIS software suite by Esri, widely used for mapping, analysis, and data management.

ArcGIS

An open-source GIS platform that provides robust mapping and analysis tools, widely used for various applications.

QGIS

GIS software that offers mapping and spatial analysis capabilities, commonly used in business and government.

MapInfo

A free tool for visualizing geographic data and exploring the globe in 3D.

Google Earth

An open-source GIS software for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, and spatial modeling.

GRASS GIS

A free software tool for spatial data analysis, emphasizing spatial statistics and modeling.

GeoDa

versatile and powerful tool that transforms spatial data into actionable insights, enabling better decision-making and more effective resource management across various domains.

GIS

Data collected by police departments and law enforcement agencies through incident reports, arrests, and records.

Law Enforcement Agencies

Information obtained from crime reports filed by victims or witnesses.

Crime reporting system

Data collected from community members reporting crimes through mobile apps, websites, or dedicated hotlines.

Community Reporting Platforms:

Information captured by surveillance cameras, sensors, and other monitoring devices.

Surveillance Systems

Crime mapping data helps allocate resources effectively by identifying high-crime areas.

Targeted Resource Allocation:

Crime mapping data aids in developing data-driven crime prevention strategies

Strategic Planning

Crime mapping provides a visual representation of crime incidents, enabling law enforcement to have a better understanding of crime distribution.

Enhanced Situational Awareness

Using crime mapping data to forecast future crime hotspots and allocate resources proactively.

Predictive Policing

Utilizing crime mapping data to identify crime patterns and inform investigative strategies. For instance, mapping data can help identify connections between drug-related crimes and specific individuals or groups

Intelligence-led Policing

Sharing crime mapping data with the public to increase transparency and collaboration.

Community Engagement

Ensuring the reliability and completeness of crime data can be a challenge.

Data Quality and Accuracy

Safeguarding the personal information of individuals involved in crime incidents while sharing aggregated and anonymized crime data.

Privacy Concerns

Using crime mapping data in an unbiased and ethical manner is crucial.

Ethical Considerations

LEA4 Final Flashcards

(132 cards)