FORENSIC 4

Question 1

The act of attempting to interpret the character or personality of an individual from his handwriting

Answer 1

GRAPHOLOGY

Question 2

The study of early writings, old, and ancient scripts. It also focuses on writings done on papyrus, parchment, vellum, etc.

Answer 2

PALEOGRAPHY

Question 3

Writings and drawings printed on the surface of the rocks.

Answer 3

Petrograms

Question 4

Ability to write with both left and right hand

Answer 4

Ambidextrous

Question 5

An academic discipline of all forms and styles of writing. A love for writing

Answer 5

Philography

Question 6

The loss of the ability to write

Answer 6

Agraphia

Question 7

The study of handwriting, for example, as used to infer a person’s character.

Answer 7

Graphology

Question 8

Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be referred to as an addition.

Answer 8

Addition

Question 9

• A scientific conclusion results from relating observed facts by logical, common-sense reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws. The document examiner’s conclusion, in legal terms, is referred to as an “opinion”.

Answer 9

Conclusion

Question 10

One who scientifically studies the details and elements of documents in order to identify their source or discover other facts concerning them. _________are often referred to as handwriting identification experts, but today their work extends beyond mere handwriting examination.

Answer 10

Document examiner

Question 11

The removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from a document. ______may be accomplished by either of two means: chemical eradication, where the writing is removed or bleached by chemical agents (e.g., liquid ink eradicator); or abrasive erasure, where the writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or scratching out with a sharp implement.

Answer 11

Erasure

Question 12

The act of making a close and critical study of any material. With questioned documents, it is the process necessary to discover the facts about them. Various types of examination are undertaken, including microscopic, visual, photographic, chemical, ultraviolet, and infrared examination.

Answer 12

Examination

Question 13

include the addition of writing or other material between lines or paragraphs, or the addition of whole pages to a document.

Answer 13

Insertion or interlineation

Question 13

A legal term used to describe a witness who, by reason of special training or experience, is permitted to express an opinion regarding an issue involved in a court action. The purpose is to interpret technical information in their specialty to assist the court in administering justice. The document examiner testifies in court as an

Answer 13

Expert witness

Question 14

As used in this text, it means that the source or authorship of the compared questioned and standard specimens is different.

Answer 14

Non-identication

Question 15

The blotting out or covering over of writing to make the original invisible, often treated as an addition.

Answer 15

Obliteration

Question 16

In legal language, it refers to the document examiner’s conclusion. In court, the examiner not only expresses an opinion but also demonstrates the reasons for arriving at it. Throughout this text, “opinion” and “conclusion” are used synonymously.

Answer 16

Opinion

Question 17

The professional experience, education, and ability of a document xaminer. Before being permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court must rule that th xaminer is qualified in their field

Answer 17

Qualification

Question 18

This involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration, ‹ bliteration of documents. Dr. Wilson Harrison, a noted British Examiner of questione ocuments, stated that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgerie y carefully inspecting a document with simple magnifiers and measuring tool:

Answer 18

Criminalistic examination

Question 19

This focuses on determining the author of writi quiring extensive study and experience

Answer 19

Handwriting Investigation/Analysis

Question 20

Handwriting Examination (Graphology/Graphoanalysis):

Answer 20

1. Examination of signatures and initials
2. Examination of anonymous letters
3. Handprinting examination

Question 21

1. Detection of alterations
2. Decipherment of erased writings
3. Restoration of obliterated writings

Answer 21

Examination of Erasures, Alterations, or Obliterations:

Question 22

1. Examination of currency bills, coins, and similar items
2. Examination of fake documents

Answer 22

Counterfeiting:

Question 23

1. Determination of the age of documents
2. Identification of stamps
3. Examination of seals and other authenticating devices

Answer 23

Miscellaneous Aspects:

Question 24

Properties or characteristics observed or measured.

Answer 24

Analysis (Recognition) -

Question 24

1. Determination of the age of documents 2. Identification of stamps 3. Examination of seals and other authenticating devices

Answer 24

Miscellaneous Aspects:

Question 25

Properties or characteristics of the unknown determined through analysis are now compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items.

Answer 25

Comparison

Question 26

Similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will each have a certain value for identification, determined by their likelihood of occurrence. The weight or significance of each must therefore be considered.

Answer 26

Evaluation

Question 27

It is the process of double-checking the accuracy and correctness of the examination, usually conducted by other experts in the field.

Answer 27

Verification

Question 28

Correspondence between results obtained and the truth.

Answer 28

Accuracy

Question 29

Measure of the consistency of results obtained in repeated study or experimentation.

Answer 29

Precision

Question 30

is the initial examination conducted on a document to determine whether it is genuine r not. It is not a misnomer, for in reality, it consists of painstaking analysis more than looking i normal document and expressing an off-hand opinion

Answer 30

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS

Question 31

The Importance of Preliminary Examination of Questioned Document

Answer 31

1. Ensures preparedness. 2. Avoidance of delay. 3. Ensures success of the case.

Question 32

Who conducts the Preliminary Examination

Answer 32

It should be conducted by QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXPERTS

Question 33

Who is a Questioned Document Expert?

Answer 33

1. Has attained appropriate education and training. 2. Possesses sufficient knowledge of the technical, scientific, and legal aspects of document examinations. 3. Has broad experience in handling questioned document cases.

Question 34

usually a conclusion that is no ased on thorough scientific examination

Answer 34

Off-hand opinion

Question 35

The Danger of OFF-HAND Opinions

Answer 35

some cases, an off-hand opinion has resulted in sending an innocent person to prison, while a murderer was given a chance to escape.

Question 36

Bank personnel and others involved in currency examinations typically use an ordinary hand-lens with a maximum diameter of four inches. Despite its wide frame, it provides only two times magnification of the original. Magnifying lenses with five times or greater magnification power and built-in lighting are more effective.

Answer 36

Magnifying lens

Question 37

A pictorial image formed by casting a shadow, usually of hands, upon a lighted surface or screen.

Answer 37

Shadowgraph

Question 38

Allows for three-dimensional (3D) enlargement. SBM

Answer 38

STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE -

Question 39

Used for examining signatures and typewritings.

Answer 39

MEASURES AND TEST PLATES (TRANSPARENT GLASS)

Question 40

Used for controlled illumination, crucial in sidelight examinations where light is positioned at a low angle oblique to the document.

Answer 40

TABLE LAMPS WITH ADJUSTABLE SHADES (Goose Neck Lamps)

Question 41

Device where light illuminates from beneath or behind a glass in which the document is placed.

Answer 41

TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGET

Question 42

Typically used to detect counterfeited bills but can also detect security features of authenticated documents.

Answer 42

ULTRAVIOLET LAMP

Question 43

Primarily used to decipher writings on charred documents.

Answer 43

Infrared viewer

Question 44

Similar to those used in bullet comparison, used for detailed document analysis.

Answer 44

COMPARISON MICROSCOPE

Question 45

Utilized for examining masked or obliterated text, watermarks, visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence, and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing. It is a comprehensive imaging device. It enables forensic document examiners to analyze, compare and distinguish between different inks and papers, reveal alterations on a document, identify obliterated entries, identify instances of page substitution, and visualize hidden security printing features.

Answer 45

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC)

Question 46

The device that can detect indention/indented writings and can record transparencies of any indentations. It is a piece of equipment commonly used in questioned document examination, to reveal indented impressions on paper which may otherwise go unnoticed. It is a non-destructive technique (will not damage the evidence in question) thus allowing further tests to be carried out. It is a sensitive technique, and has been known to detect the presence of fresh fingerprints. It is used to detect and to assist in the decipherment of indented impressions of handwriting on paper.

Answer 46

ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA)

Question 47

Any examination or study made with a microscope to discover minute physical details. Stereoscopic examination with low and high power objectives is used to detect retouching, patching, and unnatural pen-lift in signature analysis. With proper angle and intensity of illumination, it aids in deciphering erasures, subtle manipulations not visible to the naked eye, and the sequence of entries made by different writing instruments.

Answer 47

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

Question 48

In this examination, the document is viewed with the source of illumination behind it, allowing light to pass through the paper. This type of examination is used to detect erasures, match serrations, and identify other types of alterations.

Answer 48

TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION

Question 49

This examination uses illumination controlled to graze or strike the document's surface from one side at a very low angle. It is used for deciphering faded handwriting, determining outlines in traced forgery, and examining embossed impressions.

Answer 49

OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION

Question 50

Essential in every document examination, this metho records actual observations through photographs.

Answer 50

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

Question 51

Ultraviolet radiation is invisible and occurs just below the visible blue-violet end of the spectrum. These rays cause substances to fluoresce, reflecting visible light. This examination is conducted in a darkroom after warming up the lamp to maximize ultraviolet output. Exposure duration should be minimized to prevent fading of writing ink and typewriter ribbon.

Answer 51

ULTRA-VIOLET EXAMINATION

Question 52

This examination uses invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum, which is recorded on specially sensitized photographic emulsion.

Answer 52

INFRARED EXAMINATION

Question 53

common inquiry in questioned documents is whether an erasure was made. In such cases, the following examinations are conducted:

Answer 53

Erasure

Question 54

using ultraviolet light, observation with light at a sharp angle, and examination under a microscope may be considered.

Answer 54

Physical inspection

Question 55

refers to partially visible depressions on a sheet of paper underneath the one on which visible writing appears. These depressions are caused by pressure from a writing instrument and would appear as a carbon copy if carbon paper had been used. Indentations may also appear on a blank sheet used as a backing sheet while typing.

Answer 55

Indented writing

Question 56

Paper can be scorched to retain some identity or reduced to ashes by intense heat. If combustion is incomplete, coherent messages may still be deciphered if pieces are large enough.

Answer 56

BURNED OR CHARRED PAPER

Question 57

_____ differ from typewriters, but identification methods are related. Manufacturers use different numeral types and change designs over time. The spacing between columns is not standardized. These factors are used to determine the machine's make and estimate its production period. Ribbon impressions are also examined, as the ribbon operates similarly to a typewriter ribbon.

Answer 57

Adding machine

Question 58

It is essential that when a document becomes disputed and is deposited in court or with an attorney, it should be kept UNFOLDED and in a SEPARATE, PROPER-SIZE ENVELOPE OR FOLDER to maintain its original condition. This applies not only to disputed documents but also to other important documentary evidence.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

"DO'S"

Answer 59

a. Take disputed papers to a Document Examiner's Laboratory at the first opportunity. b. If storage is necessary, keep them in a dry place away from excessive heat and strong light. c. Store consequential documents unfolded in transparent plastic envelopes or evidence preservers.

Question 60

a. Do not underscore, make careless markings, fold, erase, use rubber stamps, affix write on, or otherwise alter any handwriting. b. Do not smear with fingerprint powder or chemicals. dune intereyhandwiten documents careles in wales, oteboks, or bretases d. Do not handle disputed papers excessively or carry them in pockets for extended periods. or do e. Do not mark disputed documents with writing instruments or dividers. punching torting pulage document by repeated folding creasing cuting earing, Do not allow anyone except qualified specialists to conduct chemical or other test ot treat or dust for latent fingerprints without consulting a document examiners

Answer 60

DONT’s

Question 61

HANDLING CHARRED DOCUMENTS

Answer 61

1. Extremely fragile charred documents must be handled as little as possible, and transporting them to the laboratory requires extraordinary care. With careful forethought and caution, they can be safely transported from the fire scene to the laboratory. 2. Whenever possible, they should remain in the container in which they were found. If the fragments are loosely packed, they should be padded with lightweight absorbent cotton. Any jarring during transport must be minimized. 3. Therefore, every precaution must be taken in handling and transporting the charred residue to prevent the larger pieces from breaking further. Fragments should be held firmly without crushing them, ensuring they do not shift when finally packed into a sturdy container.

Question 62

, where the writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or scratching out with a sharp implement.

Answer 62

Abrasive erasure

Question 63

where the writing is removed or bleached by chemical agents (e.g., liquid ink eradicator);

Answer 63

Chemical eradication