1
Q
The circulatory system includes:
A
Cardiovascular system
&
Lymphatic system
2
Q
What fluids move in the circulatory system
A
Blood and Lymph
3
Q
The circulatory system acts as a transport service for:
A
The body cells that aren’t in direct contact with the external environment
4
Q
What does the circulatory system transport and get rid of?
A
TRANSPORTS: nutrients, hormones & gases
GETS RID of waste
5
Q
Does the circulatory system help with body temperature?
A
Yes it helps maintain a constant body temperature.
6
Q
What does the circulatory system return to the bloodstream?
A
Return fluids that have collected in the tissues.
7
Q
The cardiovascular system helps with body’s ____________?
A
DEFENSE
8
Q
What is the central organ of the cardiovascular system?
A
The Heart
9
Q
Is the Heart a muscular organ?
A
YES, and it pumps blood through a network of blood vessels.
10
Q
Where is the Heart located?
A
It lies within the thoracic cavity,(behind the sternum and between the two lungs)
11
Q
What is the pericardium?
A
It’s a tough saclike membrane which surrounds the heart.
12
Q
The pericardium secretes:
A
a fluid that reduces friction when a heart beats.
13
Q
What divides the heart into 2 sides?
A
The septum.
14
Q
What is the function of the right side of the heart?
A
It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
15
Q
What is the main function of the septum?
A
It prevents the mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from the 2 sides of the heart.
16
Q
The left side of the heart pumps:
A
Oxygenated blood the other parts of the body.
17
Q
How many chambers does the heart have?
A
4
18
Q
What are the upper and lower chambers called?
A
Upper Chamber: ATRIA
Lower Chamber: VENTRICLES
19
Q
Which of the following protect the heart:
A
Pericardium,Thoracic cavity, and Rib cage
20
Q
What reduces friction?
A
Pericardium’s fluid,Pleura’s fluid(covers the lung), Cartilage and Synovial fluid.
21
Q
What are Valves and what are their functions.
A
Are flaps of tissue that open in only one direction. They prevent the backflow of blood ensuring it flows in one direction.
22
Q
What are the types of Atrioventricular valves?
A
Tricuspid valve and the Bicuspid valve(mitral valve)
23
Q
What is the tricuspid valve where is it located and whats it’s function?
A
It’s the Right AV valve. Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. It prevents backflow of deoxygenated blood into right atrium.
24
Q
Where is the Bicuspid valve located and what does it prevent?
A
It’s the left AV valve, located between the left atrium and the left ventricle preventing the backflow of oxygenated blood into left atrium.
25
When are the AV valves open?
1.) When the atria contract
2.) When both atria and ventricles relax together.
26
When are the AV valves shut?
When the ventricles contract(preventing backflow)
27
What is the bicuspid valve also called?
Mitral valve
28
What are the semi-lunar valves?
Are valves which separate the ventricles from the large vessels. (Aorta and Pulmonary artery)
29
The Semi-lunar valves include:
Pulmonary valve
&
Aortic Valve
30
Which type of SL valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery)
Pulmonary valve: which is the right SL valve
31
What the pulmonary valve prevent?
Backflow of dexygenated blood into right ventricle.
32
Where is the Aortic Valve located and what does it prevent?
Its the Left SL valve located between the left ventricle and Aorta. It prevents backflow of oxygenated blood into left ventricle.
33
When are the SL valves open or closed?
Open when the ventricles contract.
Closed when the atria and ventricles relax.
34
Blood returning from parts of the body has a higher concentration of______________ and a lower concentration of _____________.
1.) CARBON DIOXIDE
2.) OXYGEN
35
What structures send deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
Superior & Inferior Vena cava
36
Which Chamber does the deoxygenated blood enter?
Right Atrium
37
What is step 2 of heart circulation and which valves open?
Right atrium sends blood to the Right ventricle. (Tricuspid valve opens)
38
Where does the blood go after the Right ventricle and which valves open and close?
The Right ventricle sends the blood into the pulmonary artery and(pulmonary valve opens and the tricuspid valve closes)
39
Does the pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood?
NO,it carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated.
40
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Returns the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
41
What blood is in the left atrium?
OXYGENATED
42
Where does the blood go in the left atrium which valves open?
It enters the left ventricle and the (Bicuspid valve opens)
43
What happens to the blood in the left ventricle which valves open and close?
Pumps the blood to the aorta and the (Aortic valve open and the Bicuspid valve closes)
44
Aorta sends blood to _____________
The rest of the body except the lung.
45
The thickest chamber in the heart is the __________.
LEFT VENTRICLE: because it has to do the most work to pump blood to all body parts.
46
What is the actual colour of dexoygenated blood?
With oxygen= bright red
without oxygen= DARK RED
47
Why does the deoxygenated blood appear blue?
It appears blue when it shows through the veins walls and skin
48
Heart beat is controlled by which 2 things?
1.SinoAtrial node (SA NODE) or (Pacemaker)
2. AtrioVentricular node (AV NODE)
49
Which one of the 2 nodes acts as a nervous tissue and is a cardiac tissue?
SinoAtrial Node (SA NODE)
50
Why is the SinoAtrial node called a pace maker?
Because it regulates the rate of contraction of the entire heart.
51
The SA node is a group of ____________ in the _____________
1.)Specialized heart muscles
2.) Right atrium
52
Which Node is located in the septum between the two atria?
AtrioVentricular Node (AV NODE)
53
Does the Atrioventricular node initiate its own electrical impulse?
No it relays the electrical impulse.
54
Where does the AV node relay the electrical impulse to?
To the muscle cells that make up the ventricles causing them to contract?
55
How often do the Sinoatrial node initiate its own electrical impulse?
Every 0.8 seconds.
56
List the 3 phases of heartbeat:
1.) Auricular Systole(P)
2.) Ventricular Systole (QRS)
3.) Diastole(T)
57
Where does the blood flow during the first phase of heartbeat?
Blood flows from atria to ventricles.
58
Are the AV or SL valves open during (P)
BOTH AV VALVES ARE OPEN
59
What happens during Auricular systole and how long does it last for?
SA Node sends the electrical impulse out to the walls of the atria causing them to contract. (lasting for 0.1 seconds)
60
Which Phase of heartbeat involves ventricle contraction.
Ventricular Systole (QRS)
61
What happens during the 2nd phase of heart beat?
A wave of contractions spreads from SA node to AV node and the AV node transmits the signal to the walls of the ventricles causing them to contract.
62
Are the AV valves open or closed during the ventricular systole what about SL valves?
AV valves are closed
SL valves open
63
What is the direction of blood during QRS. How long does it last for?
Blood is pumped from ventricles to the Aorta and the pulmonary Artery.(lasting 0.3 seconds)
64
In which phase do all chambers of heart relax?
Diastole
65
Which valves are open and closed during the 3rd phase of heartbeat.
SL Valves close
AV valves open
66
During Diastole blood flows to ____________ .
To fill the atria
67
How long does Diastole last for?
0.4 seconds
68
What are the 3 phases of heartbeat called together?
Cardiac Cycle
69
What does Electrocardiograph measure?
The change in electrical activity of the heart.
70
What results in the change in the electrical activity of the heart?
Relaxation and contraction of atria and ventricles.
71
__________ is a series of pressure waves within an artery.
PULSE
72
Contraction of what ventricle causes pulse?
LEFT VENTRICLE
73
When blood surges through arteries the elastic walls of the vessels_________ and_______
Expand and stretch
74
Where is the most common site for taking pulse.
At the Radial Artery
75
What sound is made when the valves close?
they make a familar "lub-dub" sound.
76
Lub is ______ and _______. Dub is _______ and ________
1.) Long 2.) low 3.) shorter 4.) higher
77
What sound is made when ventricles contract?
Lub sound
78
How is a Lub sound caused.
By the closing the AV valve ( bicuspid and tricuspid)
79
What sound is made during (T) phase
Dub sound
80
How is a Dub sound caused?
By the closing the SL valves (pulmonary and aortic valve)
81
How is the sound of heart murmur created?
When one of the valves fails to close properly and some blood may flow backward.
82
What are the 3 blood vessels connected to the right side of the heart?
Pulmonary Artery, Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
83
How many blood vessels are connected to the left side of the heart and what are they?
5 = 4 pulmonary veins and aorta
84
In total the heart is connected to ____ blood vessels
8
85
What are the types of circulatory system?
1.) Close circulatory system
2.) Open circulatory system
86
Which type of circulatory system is the cardiovascular system?
Close circulatory system
87
What do the blood vessels in the close circulatory system form?
They form a vast network to help keep the blood flowing in one direction.
88
Does blood leave the blood vessels in open circulatory system.
Yes and it circulates within the tissues of the organism
89
Which organism has open circulatory system?
Arthropods
90
What are Arteries?
Are the large muscular vessels that carry blood away from heart.
91
Blood vessels contain_________ MT
Smooth
92
How many layers do the thick walls of the arteries have?
3
93
Name the layers of the thick walls of the arteries:
1.) An outer layer of connective tissue
2.) A middle layer of smooth muscle
3.) An inner endothelial layer(epithelial tissue)
94
What do the thick walls of the arteries give them and allow them to do?
Gives them a combination of strength and elasticity which allows them to stretch as pressurized blood enters from heart
95
Name 5 examples of arteries?
Aorta
Arterioles
Pulmonary artery
Radial artery
Coronary artery
96
Which arteries carry oxygenated blood?
Aorta, Arterioles(can do not always),Radial Artery and Coronary Artery.
97
Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood?
Arterioles(can do not always) and Pulmonary artery.
98
Where does the body's largest Artery send blood to?
Aorta send blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.
99
From Aorta blood travels through a network of ________ _________ .
Smaller Arteries.
100
What do the smaller arteries in aorta further divide into?
Even smaller vessels called arterioles
101
What branches into tiny vessels called capillaries?
Arterioles
102
Pulmonary artery carries _____________ blood to the lung.
DEOXYGENATED
103
___________ are a network of tiny vessels formed when the arterioles divide.
Capillaries
104
What do capillaries merge and form?
Capillaries merge to form larger vessels called VENULES(smallest vein).
105
Why are all cells located near the capillaries?
Because the network formed by the capillaries is so extensive.
106
What does close association between capillaries and cells allow?
Rapid exchange of materials.
107
How thick are the walls of the capillaries and what can diffuse through them?
They are one cell thick and gases and nutrients diffuse through these thin walls.
108
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from _________ to _________
Blood of capillary to cells
109
________ and ________ diffuse from cells to blood of capillary.
CO2 and Waste
110
What is the exchange pattern between the capillaries and the lungs?
Oxygen diffuses into capillaries from lung and CO2 diffuses from capillaries to lung.
111
What is the force called that the blood exerts against the inside walls of the blood vessels?
Blood pressure.
112
On which blood vessels is blood pressure exerted on the most and why?
The Arteries:
As contraction of the heart moves blood through the arteries with great force.
113
Where is blood pressure usually measured?
In the artery that supplies blood to the arm.
114
Blood pressure is highest in the ___ ________ that _______ the heart.
Two main arteries that leave the heart(Aorta and pulmonary artery).
115
How is blood pressure calculated?
Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
116
The 2 kinds of blood pressure are:
Systolic pressure
&
Diastolic pressure
117
What is systolic pressure?
It's the pressure of the blood when the ventricles contract (QRS)
118
When left ventricle contracts what is the the normal systolic pressure in adults?
120 mm Hg (for male)
110 mm Hg (for female)
119
How much is Blood pressure when the right ventricle contracts?
25 mm Hg
120
What is the blood pressure called in the arteries?
Diastolic pressure
121
During what phase of heartbeat is diastolic pressure?
relaxation of ventricles(Diastole phase(T))
122
What is blood pressure called that is higher than normal
Hypertension
123
What does hypertension cause?
Places a strain of the walls of the arteries and increases the chance that a vessel will burst.
124
Which two factors are directly proportional with blood pressure.
1.) Salt intake
2.) Blood volume
125
What prevents systolic pressure from bursting the artery?
Elastic Tissue
126
Blood pressure from high to low:
Artery - Arteriole - capillaries - venule - veins
127
What is the result of the aortic valve not closing properly?
Diastolic pressure decreases (because aortic valve should close in diastole)
128
What is the result if the bicuspid valve doesn't close properly or if the aortic valve doesn't open properly?
Systolic pressure decreases
129
What is the large vessel called that carries blood to the heart?
Vein
130
Do veins have valves in their interior?
YES
131
How many layers does a vein have and what are they?
3
1.) Outer layer of connective tissue
2.) Middle layer of smooth muscle
3.) inner layer of endothelial
132
What is the difference between Vein layers and artery layers
Vein layers are thinner and less muscular
133
When blood reaches the vein is it under higher pressure or less pressure compared to when it was in arteries?
Less pressure
134
What could happen to blood flow due to there being less pressure in the veins?
The blood could backflow and disrupt the pattern of circulation.
135
How doe veins prevent blood from backflowing?
They have valves which ensure blood moves in one direction.
136
List the 4 examples of veins:
Venule
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
137
Valve in the vein is composed of ____________.
Endothelium
138
Which of the veins carry deoxygenated blood?
Venule
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
139
Which of the veins carry oxygenated blood?
Venule
Pulmonary veins
140
What is the smallest vein called and when is it formed?
Venule is the smallest vein and is formed when a network of capillaries merge.
141
What do several layers of venules unite to form?
They unite to form a Vein
142
What large vein that is formed by merging the VEINS of the upper parts of the body
Superior Vena cava ( returns dexoygenated blood to right atrium)
143
How is the Inferior vena cava formed?
formed by merging the VEINS of the lower parts of the body ( returns dexoygenated blood to the right atrium)
144
What is the only vein that returns oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Pulmonary veins
145
What did William Harvey show?
That heart and blood vessels form one continuous closed system of circulation.
He also proved that the closed system of circulation consists of two primary subsystems.
146
What are the two primary subsystems of the closed circulatory system?
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
147
What is pulmonary circulation and where does it start and end.
Is when blood travels between heart and lungs.
It starts at Right ventricle and Ends at Left atrium.
148
When right ventricle contracts where is dexoygenated blood sent through?
Pulmonary artery
149
What happens to the pulmonary artery before blood reaches the lung?
In branches into two smaller arteries with one going to each lung. These arteries branch onto arterioles and then into capillaries into the lung
150
What enters and leaves the capillaries(blood) in the lung.
CO2 diffuses out and Oxygen diffuses In.
151
Where does the oxygenated blood flow into after lungs.
into the venules which merge into pulmonary veins and lead to the left atrium.
152
Where is the movement of blood in systemic circulation from and to?
Blood flows between the heart and all parts of the body except the lungs
153
In systemic circulation where is the oxygenated blood out of and into first?
It's pumped out of the Left Ventricle into the Aorta.
154
In systemic circulation what happens to the aorta after receiving the oxygenated blood?
It branches into Large and Smaller arteries through out the body.
155
In systemic circulation where does the blood go after being in the large and small arteries?
Into the capillaries that surround the body cells.
156
In systemic circulation does blood enter in oxygenated form or deoxygenated form from the capillaries into the the right atrium.
Deoxygenated form
157
From the capillaries what is the pathway of the blood as it enters the right atrium.
Capillaries ---- Venules ---- Veins---- Larger vein ------ Right atrium
158
From ______ oxygenated blood pumps into ____ subsystems of _________ circulation.
1.) Aorta
2.) 3
3.) Systemic
159
List the 3 subsystems of systemic circulation:
1.) Coronary circulation
2.) Hepatic portal circulation
3.) Renal circulation
160
What does coronary circulation do?
It supplies blood to the heart itself through
CORONARY ARTERIES.
161
What is the consequence if blood flow in the coronary arteries is reduced or cut off?
Heart Muscles will die
162
What is the causes of blood flow being reduced or cut off in coronary arteries and what is the consequence?
1.) When the coronary arteries is blocked by a (blood clot) or by (atherosclerosis). Both leading to heart attack.
163
What is the disease Atherosclerosis characterized by?
The buildup of fatty materials on the interior walls of the coronary arteries.
164
Where does Hepatic portal circulation supply blood to?
To the Liver and Intestine.
165
Where does Renal circulation supply blood to?
The Kidneys
166
Where does systemic circulation start and end?
Starts = Left ventricle
Ends= Right atrium
167
When ventricles contract do both systemic and pulmonary circulation start?
YES
168
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
1.) Helps the immune system
2.) Returns fluids that have collected from the tissues to the bloodstream.
169
What happens to the fluid of the blood as the blood passes through the capillaries
(under the effect of arterial pressure).
The blood fluid diffuses into the body tissues(just like oxygen and nutrients)
170
What is the tissue fluid called that lacks protein and moves into the tiny vessels of lymphatic capillaries.
It's is called Lymph
(inside the lymphatic capillaries)
171
What does the lymphatic system include:
Lymph -- Lymph Nodes -- Lymphatic vessels
172
What are Lymph Nodes?
Are the **small organs** that the lymph pass through on their way to the heart in the lymphatic vessels.
173
What are Lymph nodes functions?
1.) Filter the lymph by trapping foreign particles, microorganisms and other tissue debris
2.) Store Lymphocyte (A WBC that fight disease)
174
Why do Lymph Nodes become Swollen Inflamed and Tender when a person is infected?
Because of the increased number of Lymphocytes.
175
What do Lymphatic Vessels include?
Lymph Capillaries
&
Lymph Vessels
176
The structure of Lymph capillaries is similar to?
They are tiny vessels similar to blood capillaries
177
What do lymph capillaries merge to form?
Larger vessels called Lymph vessels
178
Is Lymph capillaries composed of endothelium?
YES
179
In structure what are Lymph vessels Similar to?
They are large vessels similar to Veins.
(THEY ALSO HAVE 3 LAYERS LIKE VEIN)
180
Do Lymph vessels contain valves?
YES, to prevent backflow of blood
181
What is the difference between Lymph vessels and blood vessels?
Lymph vessels form a One-Way system that Only Returns collected fluid to the Heart.
Blood Vessels form a Complete Circuit so blood passes from Heart to All Parts of the Body and Back to the Heart
182
How does Lymph return to the heart
through Lymphatic Vessels by the way of the Superior Vena Cava.
(LYMPH VESSELS ARE CONNECTED TO SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION)
183
What does Tiny vessels refer to?
Blood capillary & Lymph capillary
184
What does Blood contain that Lymph doesn't?
Protein & RBC & Platlets
185
Both Lymph and Blood are:
1.)Fluids of circulatory system
2.)Connective Tissues
3.)Contain WBC and nutrients
BIO GRADE 12
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
-
CH1 SEC 149
-
CH1 SEC2101
-
CH1 SEC374
-
CH2 SEC1185
-
CH2 SEC2123
-
CH2 SEC3128
-
CH3 SEC1109
-
CH3 SEC2166
-
CH3 SEC374
-
CH4 SEC1138
-
CH4 SEC2184
-
CH4 SEC3178
-
CH4 SEC466
-
CH5 SEC1103
-
CH5 SEC2291
-
CH6 SEC1109
-
CH6 SEC2196
-
CH6 SEC3178
-
CH7 SEC1147
-
CH7 SEC2114
-
CH8 SEC151
-
CH8 SEC265
-
CH8 SEC349
-
CH8 SEC4 (کۆتایی)158
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