1
Q
Blood is a ________ _________ tissue
A
Liquid Connective
2
Q
How much blood does a healthy adult have in their body?
A
4 to 5 Liters
3
Q
What does blood transport to the cells and carry away from the cells?
A
It transports Nutrients and Oxygen to the cells and Carries Carbon Dioxide away from them.
4
Q
Does blood play a major role in defending the body against disease?
A
Yes
5
Q
What does blood transfer to the body surfaces?
A
Heat
6
Q
How many parts is Blood composed of?
A
2
1.) 55% Plasma (liquid medium)
2.) 45% Blood cells
7
Q
What is Plasma?
A
It’s a sticky colored(yellow) fluid.
8
Q
What is plasma composed of?
A
90% of plasma is Water
10% includes: metabolites,nutrients,hormones salts and proteins.
9
Q
What is the first function of Plasma?
A
Transports nourishment to the body cells.
10
Q
What are Nourishments?
A
They are substances absorbed from the digestive system and are dissolved in plasma.
11
Q
_______ carries a variety of _________
A
1.) Plasma
2.) Proteins
12
Q
Give 2 examples of proteins that Plasma Carry:
A
Albumin and Antibody
13
Q
What is the function of Albumin?
A
It regulates Osmotic pressure between plasma and blood cells and between plasma and tissues.
14
Q
What is the function of Antibody?
A
Helps body fight disease
15
Q
What are some of the proteins carried by plasma essential for?
A
Formation of blood clots
16
Q
What are the 3 Blood cells
A
1.) RBC
2.) WBC
3.) Platelets
17
Q
What are Red blood cells also called?
A
RBC and Erythrocytes
18
Q
What is the function of Erythrocytes?
A
1.) Transports O2 to cells in all of body
2.) Transports CO2 in lesser degree to out of body
19
Q
What is produced in Large amounts during the formation of RBC?
A
Hemoglobin
20
Q
What is Hemoglobin?
A
It’s an Iron containing protein.
21
Q
In RBC what actually transports the O2 and CO2
A
Hemoglobin
22
Q
What is a Red blood cell filled with?
A
With hemoglobin that’s surrounded by membrane
23
Q
What is a disease caused by too few RBC and low hemoglobin levels and whats it’s most common Symptom?
A
Anemia is caused and it’s most common symptom is Lack of Energy.
24
Q
Where are Erythrocytes formed?
A
In the Red Bone Marrow.
25
Why Can't Red Blood Cells divide?
It lacks a Nucleus. As during the formation of RBC it's cell nucleus and organelles disintegrate.
26
How long can a RBC survive for?
120 to 130 days.
27
What is the shape of a mature Red blood cell?
It's disk-shaped and is concave on both sides(biconcave).
28
How Much RBCs does each cubic millimeter of blood contain?
About 4 Million
29
Are RBC's diverse
No (they have no type)
30
What are White blood cells also called?
WBC and Leukocytes
31
What is the function of Leukocytes?
Helps defend the body against disease.
32
Where are WBCs formed
They are formed in the Red bone marrow.
33
Where do some white blood cells have to travel to mature?
To the lymph nodes,tonsils,thymus or the spleen
34
How do White blood cells reach the site of infection and help destroy the invading microorganisms.
They squeeze their way through openings in the walls of the blood vessels and into the intercellular fluid
35
The walls of which blood vessels can white blood cells squeeze through?
Only Capillary
36
What can happen to the number of WBCs when a person has an infection.
They can double
37
Compare the size of WBCs and RBCs
White blood cells are larger
38
Which one is more abundant in the blood RBCs or WBCs
RBCs. Each cubic millimeter of blood contains about 7,000 WBCs
39
How long do WBCs live for?
Some years
40
Are WBC's diverse
Yes (they have more than one type)
41
The 2 types of Leukocytes include:
1.)Phagocytes
2.) Plasma cells (produces antibodies)
42
What do Phagocytes do?
They are a kind of WBC that engluf invading microorganisms.
43
__________ are proteins produced by ___________.
1.) Antibodies
2.) Plasma cells
44
____________ help destroy bacteria and viruses that enter body and cause ________.
1.) Antibodies
2.) Disease
45
What are Platelets?
They aren't Whole Cells but are Fragments of very Large Cells that were Formed in the Red Bone Marrow
46
What are platelets essential for?
For the formation of blood clot.
47
How many platelets may a cubic millimeter of blood contain?
Around Half a Million
48
What colour are Platelets?
Colourless
49
What is the shape of Platelets?
They look like Little Plates( WHEN INACTIVE)
and are Irregular( WHEN ACTIVE)
50
_________ lack a ________ and have a life span of __________.
1.) PLATELETS
2.) NUCLEUS
3.) 7-12 DAYS
51
What is Blood clot and what does it prevent?
It's a mass of interwoven fibers and blood cells(RBC and Platelets).
It prevents excess loss of blood from a wound.
52
What occurs when a blood vessels tears and rips?
Platelets congregate at the damaged site.
Sticking together and forming a small Plug.
53
How does the blood vessels itself contribute to blood clot?
The blood vessels constricts slowing blood flow to the area.
54
What are the special clotting fibers released by platelets?
Proteins and Enzymes.
55
What do the produced special clotting fibers(proteins and enzymes) begin at the site of bleeding?
They begin a series of chemical reactions producing a protein called fibrin.
56
How do Fibrin trap RBCs and Platlets?
They consist of long sticky chains and form a net that traps them(RBC and Platelets)
57
The mass of ______ and _______ harden into a ________
1.) Fibrin
2.) RBC
3.) Clot(or scab)
58
Does Fibrin exist in the plasma in Normal conditions?
NO
it only exists during an injury in blood vessels.
59
What is the difference between a Plug and Clot(scab)?
Plug = Congregation of platelets
Clot(scab) = Fibrin + RBC + Platelets
60
Do RBC help blood clot?
NO.
Although they take part but they are getting trapped by fibrin.
61
What other thing help blood to clot?
1.) Calcium Ions
2.) Coagulation factor 8
62
Is Fibrin released or produced by platelets?
NO
It is produced from the chemical reactions between the special clotting factors (proteins and enzymes).
63
What is Hemophilia?
It's a disorder caused by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting.
Or is a disorder in which there is a failure in one of the steps of the clot formation.
64
What is the effect of Hemophilia?
Bleeding will continue for much longer compared to a person without hemophilia.
Large Cuts or internal injuries can be life threatening.
65
What is the step by step of blood clot called?
Clotting cascade.
66
Is their treatment for Hemophilia?
Yes, it's treated with injections of the missing clotting factors
67
What is on the surface of RBCs?
Anitegens
68
What is on the surface of WBCs?
Receptor Proteins
69
Order the Blood Cells from largest to smallest?
WBC ----- RBC ------ Platelets
70
Order the blood cells from Most surviving?
WBC ----- RBC ----- Platelets
71
Order the blood cells from more to less in number?
RBC ----- Platelets ------ WBC
72
How is Blood Type determined?
By the type of antigen present on the surface of the Red Blood Cell
73
What is a foreign antigen?
It's a substance that stimulates the immune system. When they enter the body cells respond by producing antibodies
74
Which body cells produce antibodies when foreign antigens enter?
Plasma Cells
75
What is a Normal Antigen?
are the Antigens that are normally present in your body.
On the Surface of RBCs
76
Do the normal antigens in your body provoke a response?
NO
77
What are the 3 most important human antigens called?
A antigen
B antigen
Rh antigen
78
What Antigens is the A-B-O system of blood typing based on?
A and B Antigens
79
What did Karl Landsteiner's observations of blood lead to?
It led to the classification of human blood by blood types
80
What did Karl Landsteiner notice when he mixed blood samples of two different people?
He noticed that sometimes it resulted in the cells clumping together or Agglutinating.
Because when they are mixed reactions occur between the antigens on the RBC and the antibodies in the Plasma causing cells to Agglutinate.
81
Does a reaction occur when samples of the same blood type are mixed?
NO and blood cells don't Agglutinate
82
What does the A-B-O system achieve?
It classifies blood by the antigens located on the surface of the RBCs and the antibodies in the Plasma.
83
The kinds of Antigens on RBCs include:
A antigen
B antigen
Rh antigen
84
What are the kinds of antibodies in plasma cells?
A antibody
B antibody
Rh antibody
85
Do the Rh antigens and antibodies belong to the A-B-O system?
No they belong to the Rh system
86
Are the Antibodies against the Antigens?
YES
87
How are blood types determined by the antigens?
If RBC carry (A) antigen blood type = A
if RBC carry (B) antigen blood type = B
if RBC carry both (A&B) antigen blood type = AB
If RBC carry no antigen blood type = O
88
What kind of antibody is in the plasma of blood type (A)
ANTI-B
89
What kind of antibody is in the plasma of blood type (B)
ANITI-A
90
What kind of antibody is in the plasma of blood type (AB)
THERE IS NONE
91
What kind of antibody is in the plasma of blood type (O)
ANTI-A and ANTI-B
92
Draw me out the blood donation and receiving pyramid(put the arrows in place)
1 O
A B
AB
93
Which blood type is considered as a universal donor?
(O) as they can donate to all blood types
because the people with blood type (O) don't have A or B antigens
94
Which blood type is considered a universal recipient?
(AB) as they can receive blood from all blood types. As they don't have Anti-A or anti-B antibodies
95
When a person donates blood we must loot at them having which type of _________.
Antigen
96
When a person receives blood we must look at them having which type of_________.
Antibody
97
What is the similarity between antigens and antibodies?
Both are proteins
98
What will happen if a person with blood type (A) receives type (B) blood.
The anti-B antibodies in the plasma of the recipient will react with the antigens on the surface of the blood of the donor leading to Agglutination.
99
What does Agglutination cause?
It blocks flow of blood through blood vessels.
100
What is the Rh factor?
It's an antigen that is Sometimes present on the surface of RBCs.
101
Why is the Rh antigen called that?
It was named after the (Rhesus monkey) in which it was first discovered.
102
Which 2 things are included in the Rh system?
Rh(+)
Rh(-)
103
What Rh(+) indicate.
It means that Rh antigen is present on the surface of RBC.
104
Does a person with Rh antigens have Rh antibodies?
NO, they can't produce them also.
(As Antibodies are against same antigen)
105
What does Rh(-) mean?
It means that the Rh antigen is absent.
106
Will a person with Rh(-) produce Rh antibodies?
YES against the Rh(+) blood if it enters their body.
107
Do the antibodies in Rh(-) exist in normal conditions?
NO
( They only produce when Rh(+) blood enter)
108
Which blood types have 2 antigens?
1.) A(+) = (A&Rh)
2.) B(+) = (B&Rh)
3.) AB(-) = (A&B)
109
Which blood types have only one antigen?
1.) A(-) = (A)
2.) B(-) = (B)
3.) O(+) = (Rh)
110
How many antigens does AB(+) have?
3 (A, B & Rh)
111
During normal conditions which blood types have 1 antibody?
A(+ & - ) = (anti-B)
B(+ & - ) = (anti-A)
112
During normal conditions which blood types have 2 antibodies?
O(+ & -) = (anti- A & B)
113
Which blood types will produce Rh antibodies during incompatible transfusion from Rh(+) blood.
All negative blood types
114
What is Rh incompatibility?
It is when an Rh(-) person receives a transfusion of blood that has Rh(+) antigens.
115
What is the cause of Rh incompatibility?
Antibodies will be produced and may react with the antigen and agglutination may occur.
116
What happens if a Rh(-) mother gives birth to a Rh(+) child?
During delivery a small amount of Rh(+) blood may reach the mothers blood. Causing the mother to develop antibodies.
117
What will be the problem if the Rh(-) mother gives birth to another Rh(+) child?
The mothers antibodies that were produced cross the placenta and attack the blood of the fetus. (This is called Erythroblastosis fetalis)
118
What is the two outcomes of Erthroblastosis fetalis.
The fetus may die or if born the child may need an immediate transfusion of Rh(+) blood.
119
How can you prevent Erthroblastosis fetalis?
Mother of Rh(-) can be given artificial antibodies to destroy the Rh(+) cells. Granting immunity against the Rh antigens before her immune system responds.
120
What blood type is the universal blood donor.
O(-)
121
Which blood type is a universal blood recipient?
AB(+)
122
Please go on page (81) and practice table do this at the end after you have mastered everything.
123
What substances are included when you talk about nourishments
They substances may include( Vitamins, Minerals, amino acid and glucose)
BIO GRADE 12
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
-
CH1 SEC 149
-
CH1 SEC2101
-
CH1 SEC374
-
CH2 SEC1185
-
CH2 SEC2123
-
CH2 SEC3128
-
CH3 SEC1109
-
CH3 SEC2166
-
CH3 SEC374
-
CH4 SEC1138
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CH4 SEC2184
-
CH4 SEC3178
-
CH4 SEC466
-
CH5 SEC1103
-
CH5 SEC2291
-
CH6 SEC1109
-
CH6 SEC2196
-
CH6 SEC3178
-
CH7 SEC1147
-
CH7 SEC2114
-
CH8 SEC151
-
CH8 SEC265
-
CH8 SEC349
-
CH8 SEC4 (کۆتایی)158
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