BIO GRADE 12 > CH3 SEC1 > Flashcards

CH3 SEC1 Flashcards

(109 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What Causes infectious diseases?

A

Pathogens that have invaded the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of pathogens can cause infectious disease?

A

Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protists or Invertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example of an infectious disease:

A

Rhinovirus which enters the body and can cause the common cold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Pathogen?

A

Is any agent that have invaded the body and causes disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What pathogens cause most of the human diseases?

A

Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protists and Invertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List all the ways in which pathogens can be spread to humans?

A

Air, Food, Water, Person-person Contact, Animals or bites of Animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What Pathogen Causes the Disease Botulism?

A

A Bacteria called ClOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is the disease caused by Clostrdium Botulinum transmitted?

A

Through contaminated food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Pathogen HIV causes which disease?

A

AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency VIRUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the ways in which AIDS can be transmitted:

A

Sexual Contact, Contaminated Needles and Contact with Contaminated Fluids from the Mother to a Fetus or an Infant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What Pathogen causes Amebic dysentery?

A

A Protist called Entamoeba histolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the disease caused by the Protist Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

A

Through Contaminated Food and Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What disease does the fungus Tinea cause?

A

Athlete’s Foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the disease caused by the fungus Tinea transmitted?

A

Contact with contaminated Surfaces
&
Person to person contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Robert Koch first establish?

A

A step by step procedure for identifying the particular pathogen that causes an infectious disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What infectious disease did Robert Koch Study?

A

Anthrax which is an Infectious disease in Cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does an infectious disease mean?

A

It means it can be transmitted from person to person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What Type of Pathogen Causes Anthrax?

A

ROD-SHAPED BACTERIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was Robert Koch’s Observation?

A

He observed that Cattle with Anthrax had Swarms of Bacteria in their Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What Was Robert Koch’s hypothesis?

A

He said that the Swarms of Bacteria in the Cattle was what Caused Anthrax.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was STEP 1 of Robert Koch’s tests?

A

He Isolated the Rod-Shaped Bacteria from the Cows that Had Anthrax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was STEP 2 of Robert Koch’s tests?

A

He Grew Colonies of the Isolated Bacteria in a Lab to be Sure he Isolated Single Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In Which step are the isolated pathogens injected into healthy animals to make sure that they develop the disease?

A

STEP 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Step 4 of Koch's Postulates
The pathogen should be taken from the 2nd animals blood and grown in a lab. The pathogen that develops should be the same as the pathogen in the blood of the 1st animal
26
What was Robert Koch's conclusion?
That the isolated rod-shaped bacteria caused anthrax
27
What does the body's defence system include?
NON SPECIFIC DEFENCES & SPECIFIC DEFENCES
28
What does your non specific defence system do?
Help protect the body against all types of pathogens no matter their indentity
29
Is your immune system included in your Specific or Non specific defence system?
Specific defence system
30
The 1st and 2nd line of defence are part of the___________.
Non specific defences
31
What does the 1st line of defence include?
Mucous Membrane, Skin and Stomach acid
32
What does the 2nd line of defence include?
1.) Inflammatory response 2.) Temperature response 3.) Proteins
33
What does the Inflammatory response of the 2nd line of defence include?
Histamine, Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells.
34
What do the proteins of the 2nd line of defence include?
Complement system & Interferon
35
Is the 3rd line of defence part of the specific defences?
YES
36
Name the responses that are part of the 3rd line of defence:
Cell-Mediated Immune Response & Humoral Immune Response
37
Which responses of the 3rd line of defence do T cells and B cells participate in?
T CELLS participate in Cell-Mediated Immune response B CELLS participate on Humoral Immune Response
38
What Type of cells are T cells and B cells?
White Blood Cells
39
Which Type of Tissues are your Mucous Membranes?
Epithelial Tissues
40
What is the function of your Mucous Membrane?
Protect interior surfaces of the body that may be exposed to pathogens.
41
What serves as a barrier and secretes mucus?
Mucous Membranes
42
What is Mucus?
It's a sticky fluid that traps pathogens
43
Where is the location of your Mucous Membranes?
Line the Respiratory, Digestive System, The Urethra, Vagina
44
What also lines the passages of the respiratory tract?
Cells that are covered with beating Cilia.
45
What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory tract?
They sweep both mucus and pathogens up to pharynx, where they are swallowed to stomach and destroyed by acidity of stomach
46
Are cilia found in your digestive systems, urethra and vagina.
NO there is only Mucus
47
The Acidity of Stomach:
Destroys MOST swallowed pathogens in the stomach?
48
What acts as a Physical barrier to pathogens?
The SKIN
49
Does the Skin prevent pathogens from entering the body?
YES
50
What does your skin release that contain toxic chemicals to MANY pathogens.
Sweat, Oil, and Wax
51
What toxic chemical does your Sweat contain and how is it useful?
Lysozyme which destroys SOME Bacteria
52
What parts of your non specific defences serve as a natural barrier?
Mucous Membranes and Skin
53
What is Inflammatory Response?
It's a series of events that suppress infection and speed recovery
54
How is your Inflammatory response stimulated?
1.) If any pathogen gets past the skin or mucous membranes. 2.) If body cells are injured or damaged
55
In inflammatory response what are the ways in which your body cells can get damaged?
By a Cut on the Skin or Invasion by Pathogens
56
What do SOME of your damaged cells release when they are damaged?
HISTAMINE
57
Is Histamine a chemical messenger?
YES
58
What changes occur after your injured cells release Histamine?
1.) It increases blood flow to Injured Area 2.) Increases permeability of surrounding capillaries
59
What does the increase of blood flow to an injured area lead to?
More WBCs
60
When a cells are injured why is the increase of permeability of capillaries crucial?
As it then allows WBCs to pass and reach injured site
61
What do the changes caused by Histamine Result in?
Redness, Swelling, Warmth , Pain IN THE SURROUNDING INJURED AREA
62
What is the 2nd step of Inflammatory Response after your damaged cells release Histamine?
Fluids and Phagocytes pass through the Capillary walls to Injured Area.
63
What is the 3rd step of Inflammatory response after Phagocytes Reach injured Area?
The Phagocytes ingest and Destroy Pathogens and Foreign matter?
64
How are Phagocytes and other types of WBCs attracted to the injured area?
BY HISTAMINE
65
Is Histamine released During Normal conditions?
NO
66
What is the main Target of Histamine?
Capillary walls
67
What doesn't Histamine attract?
Lymphocytes
68
During which processes are Histamine actually released?
1.) Inflammatory Response 2.) Immune response to Harmless Antigens
69
Does Histamine attack the pathogens?
NO, it's only a chemical messenger.
70
What happens if the Cut also damages your blood vessels?
Platelets begin the blood clotting process. (Stopping Pathogens from reaching rest of body.)
71
Along with the Phagocyte which fluid passes through the capillaries to the injured area?
PLASMA
72
What are the WBCs included in non specific defences?
Phagocytes & Natural Killer Cells
73
What 2 cells do Phagocytes Include?
Neutrophil and Macrophage
74
What is the most abundant type of Phagocyte in your Body?
Neutrophils
75
Which type of Phagocyte circulate through blood vessels and squeeze through capillary walls to reach infection site?
Neutrophills
76
What Actions do the Neutrophils preform when they reach the site of infection?
They ingest/engulf the pathogens they encounter
77
What is the function of the Macrophage?
Engulf Pathogens and Cellular Debris
78
How are Macrophages located around the body?
1.) Some are stationary in body tissues waiting for pathogens 2.) Others seek out pathogens
79
What Type of Phagocyte use Cytoplasmic extensions to Capture Bacteria?
Macrophages
80
Do Macrophages play a role in the initial steps of the immune response?
YES
81
What do Macrophages release that causes fever and Neutrophils don't
a PROTEIN called INTERLEUKIN 1
82
Which type of Phagocyte are the First cells Infected by HIV
Macrophages
83
What type of receptors and co-receptors do macrophages have on their surfaces?
1.) CD4 Receptors 2.) CCR5 Co-receptors
84
Do Natural Killer cells attack the pathogens themselves directly?
NO they attack the pathogen infected cells.
85
What type of cells are NK cells effective at killing?
1.)Cancer cells 2.)Virus infected cells
86
How do the Natural Killer cells kill the pathogen infected cells?
By piercing their cell membranes allowing water to rush in and causing them to burst.
87
What type of WBCs act in both specific and non specific defence?
Macrophages
88
What is FEVER?
The rise in body temp above the normal 37c
89
What does a Fever show?
Your body responding to an infection
90
What is one way that your body temp may rise?
When your body begins to fight pathogens it may rise by several degrees.
91
What are the causes of fever?
1.) Some Pathogens 2.) Chemicals released by Macrophages and Prostagladin
92
What are the 2 kinds of fever?
Moderate Fever (37-39) High Fever (39-41)
93
Why is a moderate fever useful?
1.)It slows Bacterial and Viral growth and 2.)Increases WBCs activites
94
Why is a very high fever very dangerous?
As Extreme Heat can destroy important cellular proteins of body?
95
What can a temperature greater than 41 lead to?
DEATH
96
What Makes up the complement system?
About 20 different Proteins
97
Where are the proteins of the complement system found and when do they become active?
They circulate in the blood AND become Active when encountering a certain pathogen
98
How do some proteins of the complement system kill INFECTED CELLS.
They form a ring-shaped structure that punctures their membranes causing death.
99
Which protein is released by cells infected with VIRUSES?
INTERFERON
100
What does Interferon cause once released?
Causes nearby cells to make a protein that helps them resist viral infection
101
Which protein of nonspecific defence is now used for medical uses and is produced in labs?
Interferon
102
Which protein can be used for the treatments of some kind of cancer?
Interferon
103
Does Interferon belong to the complement system?
NO
104
______ ______ includes different and more _______ than interferon.
1.) Complement system 2.) Proteins
105
Does the complement system exist in normal conditions?
Yes but they aren't active
106
_________ is not released during normal conditions.
Interferon
107
What happens to the cells after they release interferon?
They are killed by NK cells and the Complement System
108
Does Interferon attack or kill cancer cells?
NO, its only used in the treatment for some
109
Which protein is the only protein that helps production of other proteins?
Interferon
BIO GRADE 12
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions