BIO GRADE 12 > CH8 SEC2 > Flashcards

CH8 SEC2 Flashcards

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1
Q

James Watson & Francis Crick began their Work to:

A

Determine the Structure of DNA

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2
Q

Which 2 People made or Constructed a Model for the Structure of DNA?

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

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3
Q

Watson & Crick’s Model Suggested that DNA is Composed of:

A

2 Chains of Nucleotides that Wrap Around Each other?

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4
Q

In DNA the 2 Chains of Nucleotides that Wrap Around Each other Forms:

A

A Double Helix
(A Shape Similar to Winding Staircase)

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5
Q

Why Was Watson & Crick’s Final Model Remarkable?

A

Because it Explained how DNA Could Replicate

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6
Q

DNA is a:

A

Nucleic Acid made of 2 Long Chains of Repeating Subunits called Nucleotides

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7
Q

How Many Parts do Nucleotides Have?

A

3

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8
Q

Name the 3 Parts of a Nucleotide?

A
  1. A Five-Carbon Sugar
  2. A Phosphate Group
  3. A Nitrogenous Base
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9
Q

What is the Five-Carbon Sugar in Nucleotides Called?

A

Deoxyribose

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10
Q

Describe a Phosphate Group of a Nucleotide:

A

It Consists of a Phosphorus (P) Bonded to 4 Oxygen (O) Atoms.

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11
Q

A Nitrogenous Base Contains Which 2 Atoms?

A

Nitrogen (N) & Carbon (C)

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12
Q

Why Can a Nitrogenous Base Accept Hydrogen Ions?

A

Because It’s a Base

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13
Q

For Short Nitrogenous Bases are Called ______.

A

Bases

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14
Q

Nitrogenous Bases Face Towards the:

A

Center of the DNA Molecule

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15
Q

Name the 4 Different Bases?

A
  1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G)
  2. Cytosine (C) 3. Thymine (T)
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16
Q

The Base Pairs are Uniform ________.

A

Width

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17
Q

Base Pairs are Uniform Width Because:

A

In Each Pair 1 Base Has a 2 Ring Structure While the Other has a Single

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18
Q

What are the 2 Bonds in DNA?

A

Covalent & Hydrogen Bonds

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19
Q

In DNA Covalent Bonds Connect:

A

Nucleotides Along Each Strand

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20
Q

How do Covalent Bonds Connect the Nucleotides?

A

The Bond is Between the Sugar of 1 Nucleotide & The Phosphate Group of the Next Nucleotide

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21
Q

Covalent Bonds are Also Present Between:

A

The Sugar & Phosphate Group of the Same Nucleotide

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22
Q

Hydrogen Bonds are _____ Bonds Between _______________________.

A

1.) 2 or 3
2.) BASES of Both Strands of DNA

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23
Q

Why are Hydrogen Bonds in DNA Useful?

A

It Helps Hold 2 Chains of DNA Double Helix Together

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24
Q

What Part of a Staircase do the Sugar & Phosphate form?

A

The Side Handrails

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25
What Part of a Staircase do the Bases Form?
The Steps
26
What Bases Always Pair With Each Other?
Adenine Pairs to Thymine Cytosine Pairs to Guanine
27
How does Adenine Pair with Thymine?
By 2 Hydrogen Bonds
28
How does Cytosine Pair with Guanine?
By 3 Hydrogen Bonds
29
One DNA Molecule = ____ Strands
2
30
What 2 things are Identical in all DNA Nucleotides?
The Sugar & Phosphate Group
31
Are the Nitrogenous Bases Also Identical in all DNA Nucleotides?
No they May be Any of the 4 Different Kinds
32
Nitrogenous Bases are Often Represented by the ________of their Name.
1st Letter
33
Rings are the:
Nitrogenous Bases & their Chemical Structures that Contain Carbone & Nitrogen Atoms
34
Name the 2 Kinds of Nitrogenous Bases based on their Structure?
1.) Double Ring 2.) Single-Ring
35
What Can a Double or Single Ring Nitrogenous Base be Also Called?
Double-Ring = Purines Single-Ring = Pyrimidine
36
Which Nitrogenous Bases Have a Double Ring Structure?
1.) Adenine (A) 2.) Guanine (G)
37
Which Nitrogenous Bases Have a Single-Ring Structure?
1.) Cytosine (C) 2.) Thymine (T)
38
What 3 things do All Bases Contain?
Carbon,Nitrogen,Hydrogen
39
Which Nitrogenous Base Doesn't Contain Oxygen Atom?
Adenine (A)
40
Which Nitrogenous Base/s Contain 1 Oxygen Atom?
Guanine (G) & Cytosine (C)
41
Thymine Contains ____ Oxygen Atoms.
2
42
Erwin Chargaff Observed that In:
Double-Stranded DNA the Percentage of (A=T) and Percentage of (C=G)
43
Was Chargaff Observation key to Understanding the Structure of DNA
YES
44
In Double Stranded DNA: Number of A = ___ , Number of C = ___
Number of A = T Number of C = G
45
In Double Stranded DNA: A% = ___ & C% = ____
A% = T% & C% = G% (All of them = 100%)
46
A% + ____ = 50% T% + ____ = 50%
1.) G% 2.) C%
47
In Single Stranded DNA:
The Percentages of (A ≠ T) & Percentages of (C ≠ G)
48
Solve All the Questions on Page 70
:)
49
Amount of DNA by Picogram in Gamete Equals:
The Amount of DNA by Picogram in Body Cell Divided by 2
50
Amount of DNA by Picogram in Body Cell Equals:
Amount of DNA by Picogram in Gamete Multiplied by 2
51
Amount of DNA by Picogram in Body Cell =
Amount of DNA by Picogram in Body Cell
52
Amount of DNA by Picogram in the Gamete =
Amount of DNA by Picogram in the Gamete
53
The Amount of ______ doesn't Change.
Percentage
54
Body Cell % = _________ Body Cell % = _________ Gametes % = _________
1/2 = Gametes % or Body Cells % 3 = Gametes %
55
Solve All Questions on Page 71
:)
56
According to the Base Pairing Rule What Pairs with What?
Adenine (A) Pairs with Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Pairs with Guanine (G)
57
Because of What is the Order of Bases on the Nucleotides in 1 Chain of DNA Complementary to the Bases on the Other Chain?
Because of the Base Pairing Rule
58
If a DNA Chain Has the Sequence ATTC what is the Sequence of the Opposite Chain?
TAAG
59
What is a Base Sequence?
The Order of Nitrogenous Bases on One Chain of DNA
60
Each Complementary Base Pair Contains:
One Double-Ringed Purine & One Single-Ringed Pyrimidine
61
The Complementary Nature of DNA:
Helps Explain how DNA Replicates Before a Cell Divides
62
Complementary Base Pairing is Important in DNA As:
The Hydrogen Bonds Between Base Pairs Help hold the 2 Strands Together
63
To Be Simplified is the DNA Double Helix Drawn as a Straight Ladder?
YES
64
How is the Structure of DNA Simplified Even More?
By Just writing the 1st Letter of Each Nitrogenous Base.
65
What is the Backbone of DNA?
The Sugar-Phosphate
BIO GRADE 12
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