1
Q
How Many Parts is the Nervous System divided into and name the parts?
A
(2) CNS & PNS
2
Q
What does CNS stand for?
A
Central Nervous System
3
Q
What does PNS stand for?
A
Peripheral Nervous System
4
Q
What 2 structures are included in your Central Nervous System?
A
BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
5
Q
Is the Spinal Cord Or Brain the Central Control Center of the Nervous System?
A
THE BRAIN
6
Q
What is the Main Function of the Brain?
A
It interprets Nerve Signals from the Body & sends response signals back to the Body
7
Q
The Response signals pass through the ______ ____.
A
Spinal Cord
8
Q
How does the Brain Interpret The Nerve signals?
A
By INTER-NEURONS
9
Q
How does the Brain Send the Response Signals Back to the Body?
A
By MOTOR NEURONS
10
Q
What Sends the Nerve Signals from the Body to the Brain?
A
SENSORY NEURONS
11
Q
CAN YOU DRAW ME THE DIAGRAM THAT EXPLAINS THE DIRECTION OF NERVE SIGNALS FROM BODY TO BRAIN AND BACK.
A
ON PAGE (19) IS ANSWER
12
Q
The Spinal Cord Carries:
A
Nerve Signals between the Body and The Brain.
13
Q
What 2 structures are included in the Peripheral Nervous System?
A
. Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)
. Efferent Neurons ( Motor Neurons)
14
Q
What is the function of Afferent Neurons?
A
Collect Information from the Body and transmit it towards the CNS
15
Q
Which of the Structures in PNS transmits Information away from CNS?
A
Efferent Neurons (MOTOR NEURONS)
16
Q
What is the Brain?
A
It’s the Central Control Center of the Nervous System.
17
Q
How Many Parts is your Brain Composed of?
A
4
18
Q
What is the Average Weight of an Adult Brain & How much total body weight does it account for?
A
It Weighs 1.4KG so about 2% of your body Weight
19
Q
The Brain Contains about ___ ______ functioning as a _______.
A
1.) 100 Billion Neurons
2.) Unit
20
Q
List the 4 parts of the Brain:
A
Cerebrum , Diencephalon , Brain Stem , Cerebellum
21
Q
What Function is much of the Brain dedicated to?
A
Running the Body & Maintaining Homeostasis
22
Q
The Brain Overseas:
A
Daily Operations of the Body and Interprets vast amounts of Information.
23
Q
How does the Brain make everyone Unique?
A
As it Controls: Thoughts, Feelings, Memories, Talents and Emotions
24
Q
What is the Largest Portion of the Human Brain?
A
The CEREBRUM
25
How is the Cerebrum Identified?
By it's highly folded Outer Layer Which Increases the Surface Area of the Brain.
26
Cerebrum is Composed of:
2 Cerebral Hemispheres (Right & Left)
27
What are the 2 Hemispheres of the cerebrum separated by?
the CENTRAL GROOVE
28
Both Hemispheres of Cerebrum are Connected By:
the CORPUS CALLOSUM
29
Define the Corpus Callosum?
It's a band of axons that lie deep in the Central Groove
30
What structures does your Corpus Callosum not Include?
Dendrites and Cell Body
31
Each Hemisphere of the Cerebrum is:
Separated into 4 Lobes
(Separated by other grooves)
32
Name the 4 Lobes that are found in Each Hemisphere of the Cerebrum.
Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe
33
What are the Temporal and Occipital Lobes for?
Temporal Lobe = For Hearing
Occipital Lobe = For Vision
34
Parietal Lobe is for ____________________.
Sensory functions like (Taste, Touch, Pain, Temp and Pressure)
35
What is the Frontal Lobe for?
Motor Functions, Intellectual Functions, Speech and Smell
36
In Total the Cerebrum has ___ Lobes.
8
37
The Cerebrum Layers Are:
Outer Layer = Cerebral Cortex/Gray Matter
Inner Layer = White Matter
38
___________ is the Folded outer Layer of Cerebrum.
Cerebral Cortex/Gray Matter
39
The Cerebral Cortex Contains 10-20% of the Brains _____ number of ____.
Total Number of Neurons
40
What is the Cerebral Cortex Composed of?
Gray Matter
41
What does Gray Matter of cerebrum NOT contain?
Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann Cells, Dendrites
42
What is the Gray Matter that composes the Cerebral Cortex Made of?
Cell Bodies & Unmyelinated Axons of Some Cells.
43
What do Different Parts/Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex do?
Control Information and Sensations from the Body and Motor Responses.
44
The Area of the Cortex that Interprets Touch Information lies in the _______ _____.
1. Parietal Lobe
45
Where is the White Matter of the Cerebrum?
It lies below the folded Surfaces of the Cerebral Cortex.
46
The Inner Layer of cerebrum is Composed of what type of axons?
Myelinated axons
47
What don't the Neurons that Pass through the White Matter of cerebrum Have?
Dendrites, Cell Body and Schwann cells
48
Do the Neurons that Pass through the Inner Layer of cerebrum Have Nodes of Ranvier?
YES
49
What is the Function of the Myelinated Axons of White Matter in Cerebrum?
Links Specific Regions of the Cortex/Lobes together and with other Neural Centers.
50
What does Other Neural Centers refer to?
Other Brain Parts
51
What Results as the Axons of the White Matter Crossover?
Many Impulses Originating in the Right Half of the Body get processed in the Left and VICE VERSA.
52
The Crossover of Which Axons Cause impulses from the Right of the body to get processed in the Left?
Only MYELINATED AXONS
53
Some Functions are not Symmetrically ___________ in _________.
1.) Localised
2.) Cerebrum
54
In Right Handed People Which Brain Centers Reside Primarily in Left Hemisphere?
Speech and Language
55
In Right Handed People the Brain Centers for what functions lie in the Right Hemisphere?
Processing Spatial Information
&
Certain Kinds of Reasoning
56
In Left Handed People Functions are:
Located Variably
57
Where is the Diencephalon found?
It lies Between the Cerebrum & Brain Stem
58
The Diencephalon contains:
Relay Centers for Information Entering and Exiting the Brain.
59
What 2 thing is found in the Diencephalon?
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
60
What is the Upper Most relay Center Called and what is it's function?
Thalamus and it directs MOST incoming sensory Signals to the proper region of the Cerebral Cortex.
61
What Sensory Signal is not Directed by Thalamus?
SMELL SIGNAL
62
What are the 2 functions of the Hypothalamus?
1.) Helps Maintain Homeostasis
2.) Directly/Indirectly Controls much of body's Hormone production.
63
Where is the Brain Stem located?
It narrows below the diencephalon/ lies below the cerebrum
64
The Brain Stem links:
Cerebrum to Spinal Cord
65
What are the Names of the 3 Regions that the Brain stem is divided into?
1.) Midbrain 2.) Pons 3.) Medulla oblongata
66
The Midbrain:
Relays Visual and Auditory Information
67
What do the Pons in Brain Stem Relay?
Communications between the cerebral Hemispheres(cerebrum) and the Cerebellum
68
What Serves as both a relay center and a control center?
Medulla Oblongata
69
Why is the Medulla Oblongata Linked with Heart rate and Respiration rate?
Because it serves as a relay & control center for them and other homeostatic Activities
70
What is Located Behind the Cerebral Hemispheres?
The Cerebellum
71
How is the Surface of the Cerebellum?
It's Highly Folded
72
How is the Cerebellum Linked with Muscles?
It Helps Coordinate Muscle Actions
(Relaxation and Contraction)
73
The Cerebellum Receives Sensory Impulses From:
. Muscles, Tendons, Joints, Eyes & Ears
. Input from other Brain Centers
74
The Sensory Impulses the Cerebellum Receives from eyes & ears is for?
Eyes = Movement
Ears = Balance
75
What Brain centers does the Cerebellum Receive Input from?
- The Brain Stem (Pons)
- Cerebral Cortex
76
What Type of Information does the Cerebellum Process?
Information about Body position
77
How does the Cerebellum Control Posture?
By Keeping Skeletal Muscles in a constant state of Partial Contraction
78
Does the Cerebellum Coordinate Rapid and ongoing movements?
YES
79
Why does the Cerebellum act with the Brain stem & Cerebral Cortex?
To Coordinate Skeletal Muscles
80
What Structure is Composed of a Column of Nervous Tissues?
The Spinal Cord
81
What is the Functions of the Spinal Cord?
-Carries Nerve signals towards & away from the Brain
- Processes Spinal Reflexes
82
How is the Spinal Cord Located in Body?
It starts at Medulla Oblongata and pass through the Vertebral Column.
83
What Structures make up the Spinal Cord?
1.) An Outer Sheath 2.) Rigid Inner Core
84
What is the Outer Sheath of the Spinal Cord Composed of?
White Matter
85
Outer Sheath of Spinal Cord Contains __________ Axons.
**Myelinated**
86
The Rigid Inner Core of the Spinal Cord is Made Up of:
Gray Matter
87
What does the Gray Matter of Spinal Cord Contain?
Dendrites, Unmyelinated Axons & Cell bodies of Neurons
88
What do the the Spinal Cord & the rest of the Nervous system Have?
Interneurons
89
How does the Interneurons function in the nervous system?
Relay Information Between other Neurons. (Between Motor & sensory Neurons)
90
Where are Interneruons Located in the Spinal Cord?
In the GRAY MATTER
91
How do the Functions of Cerebrum and Cerebellum differ?
Cerebrum= Interprets the Sensory Signals
Cerebellum = Are related to skeletal Muscles and Body Balance
92
List the 3 Similarities Between Cerebrum & Cerebellum:
1.) Both are Parts of Brain
2.) Both are Highly Folded Surfaces
3.) Both Coordinate Skeletal Muscles
93
What are Nerves?
Nerves are the Bundled Axons and Dendrites which exist in many Neurons
94
How does the CNS frequently interact with the PNS?
Via Spinal & Cranial Nerves
95
The Spinal & Cranial Nerves:
Send Information Towards the CNS
96
How many Cranial Nerves do you Have and What is their function?
12 Pairs which Connect the Brain with Head and Neck
97
How Many Spinal Nerves do you have and What is their function?
31 Pairs which Connect CNS with rest of Body
98
In Total How Many Spinal & Cranial Nerves are located in your Body?
43 Pairs (86 Total Neurons)
99
What 2 things must each Spinal Nerve have?
1.) A Dorsal Root
2.) A Ventral Root
100
What does the Dorsal Root Contain?
Axons of Sensory Receptor
101
The Dorsal Root carries:
Signals into the CNS from various Sensory Receptors.
102
What is found in the Ventral root what does it carry?
Axons of Motor Neurons that carry Info from CNS to Muscles and Glands
103
How Many Ventral & Dorsal Roots Does Each Spinal Nerve Have?
Dorsal Root = 62 Pairs
Ventral Root= 62 Pairs
TOTAL = 124 Pairs
104
What Nerves do the Cranial Nerves Include?
Auditory Nerves, Optic Nerves, Taste Nerves
& Olfactory Nerves
105
Cranial Nerves don't have:
Dorsal & Ventral Roots
106
Do The Dorsal Roots Instruct ALL Glands?
NO
107
What are the 2 divisions of the PNS?
1.) Sensory Division
2.) Motor Division
108
What does the Sensory Division Include?
1.) Sensory Receptors 2.) Interneurons, 3.) Sensory Neurons
109
The Sensory Division gathers:
Information about body's Internal & External Environment
110
How do the Sensory Receptors Function?
They Receive Information from the body's External & internal Environment.
111
What do the Sensory Receptors do with the information they receive?
They Convert it into Action Potential
112
What Role do the Sensory Neurons play in Sensory Division?
They Sends Sensory Information from the Sensory Receptors in the Body to CNS
113
What Sensory Neurons sends Info from sensory receptors to CNS?
Spinal & Cranial Nerves
114
Sensory Information is also called:
ACTION POTENTIAL
115
Interneurons connect:
Sensory Receptors to the CNS
116
What does the Motor Division of the PNS do?
Lets the Body react to Sensory Information
117
What is the Motor division Made up of?
2 Independent Systems
118
Name the 2 Independent Systems that make up the Motor Division?
1.) Somatic Nervous System
2.) Autonomic Nervous System
119
What Actions can the Somatic Nervous System Operate in?
Voluntary & Involuntary
120
In Somatic Nervous System why can skeletal Muscles be moved at will?
As it Contains Motor Neurons that control movement of Skeletal Muscles
121
When does the Somatic Nervous System operate in Involuntary Actions?
Helping maintaining Balance/Homeostasis
122
Name an Involuntary Action that the Somatic Nervous System balance?
Spinal Reflex
123
What is Included in the Autonomic Nervous System?
1.) Sympathetic Division
2.) Parasympathetic Division
124
What type of Actions do the Autonomic Nervous System Operate In?
ONLY IN INVOLUNTARY
125
What do the Somatic NS and Autonomic NS Regulate?
SNS = Skeletal Muscle
ANS = Smooth Muscle
126
What do the Autonomic Nervous System Control?
Respiration, Digestion, Heartbeat & Homeostasis
127
List the Similarities Between Autonomic NS and Somatic NS?
1.) Both Part of Motor Division of PNS
2.) Both can operate in Involuntary
128
What are Motor Neurons and Sensory Neurons also Called?
Motor Neurons = Efferent Neurons
Sensory Neurons = Afferent Neurons
129
The Spinal Reflex is:
INVOLUNTARY and SELF-PROTECTIVE Movements
130
What Neurons are Involved in your Spinal Reflex?
Only Neurons in body (Spinal Cord & PNS)
131
What Structure is not involved in your Spinal Reflex but gets Bypassed?
The BRAIN
132
Give an Example of a Spinal Reflex?
Patellar Reflex
133
What Happens during the First Step of Spinal Reflex?
A Tap on the TENDON below the patella stimulates sensory Receptors in Quadriceps Muscle.
134
What Happens After the Sensory Receptors in the quads are Stimulated?
The Receptors Send Impulses to the Spinal Cord.
135
How do Sensory Receptors send impulses to the Spinal Cord?
Through the SENSORY NEURONS
136
Where do the Impulses go after they reach the Axon Terminal of the Sensory neuron?
(STEP 2)
They Transmit to the Motor Neurons that Lead back to the Quadriceps
137
What is the result after the Motor Neurons transmit the Impulse back to the quadriceps? (STEP 2)
The Quadriceps Contract
138
Other than transmitting to the motor neurons what else do the impulses from the axon terminals of sensory neuron do?
Activate Interneurons which have an inhibitory(Calming) effect on Motor Neurons of Hamstring in rear thigh.
139
What Muscle relaxes while the Motor Neurons transmit signal back from spinal Cord?
HAMSTRING
140
What is the results after Quadriceps Contract and the Hamstring Relax?
The Lower Leg extends allowing the forward kick of a leg
141
What Type of Sensory Receptor is stimulated when there is a tap?
Mechanoreceptors
142
What Relays Signals in Reflexes?
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
143
The Path of Signal from Quadriceps back to Quadriceps:
Sensory Receptor in Quads --> Sensory Neuron through dorsal root --> Gray Matter of Spinal Cord --> Motor Neuron through ventral root --> Quads Contract
144
The Path of Signal from Quadriceps back to Hamstring:
Sensory Receptor in Quads-->Sensory Neuron through Dorsal Root -->Gray Matter of Spinal Cord-->Inhibitory Interneuron in Gray Matter of Spinal Cord-->Motor Neuron through Ventral root --> Hamstring Relax
145
What are found in the Gray Matter of Spinal Cord? (In Terms of the 3 Neurons)
1.)Axon Terminals of Sensory Neurons
2.)All Structures of Interneuron
3.)Dendrites and Cell body of Motor Neuron
146
During Spinal Reflex ____ synapses form in gray matter of ____ _____.
1= 3
2= Spinal Cord
147
During Spinal Reflex how Many Synapses form as signals returns back to muscle from gray matter of Spinal Cord?
5
148
How does the Autonomic Nervous System Control Internal body conditions?
By regulating Smooth Muscles in the Blood Vessels and Organs
149
In ANS which blood vessels are regulated?
ONLY ARTERY AND VEIN
(CAPILLARY DOESN'T HAVE SMOOTH MT)
150
The ANS Controls:
Respiration, Heartbeat, Digestion & other aspects of Homeostasis
151
What are included in the ANS?
1) Sympathetic Division
2) Parasympathetic Division
152
What is Activated by Physical or Emotional Stress?
Sympathetic Division
153
What does the threat of a Physical Attack Cause?
The Sympathetic Division to redirect blood away from digestive organs and towards Heart and Skeletal Muscles
154
What Decreases and Increases as Sympathetic Division functions?
Hepatic Portal Circulation Decreases
Coronary Circulation Increases
155
When is Parasympathetic Division Activated?
After a Threat has Passed
156
Parasympathetic Division Controls:
The Internal Environment during Routine Conditions.
157
After a threat the ______ to ______ resume to normal activity?
1) Signal
2) Organs
158
What Occurs with blood flow after Normal Signal activity is re-established?
Blood Flow to the Heart and Skeletal Muscles Decrease.
159
During Parasympathetic Division what 2 things return to normal rate?
Hepatic portal circulation & Coronary Circulation
160
What Effects does ANS have on your Eyes?
Sympathetic (D) = Pupils Dilate
Parasympathetic (D) = Pupils Constrict
161
What effects does ANS have on your Heart?
Sympathetic (D)= Heart Rate Increase
Parasympathetic (D) =Heart rate decrease
162
How does the ANS effect your Blood Vessels?
1) Sympathetic (D) = Blood Vessels To Skeletal Muscles Dilate
2) Parasympathetic (D) = Little or No Effect
163
How does the ANS systems effect your Adrenal Glands?
Sympathetic (D) = Glands Secrete hormones
Parasympathetic (D) = Glands Inactive
164
How are the Intestines effected during ANS?
1) Sympathetic (D) = Gastric Secretions decrease
2) Parasympathetic (D) = Gastric Secretions Increase
165
Describe both ANS and SNS during Normal Conditions:
They Both Work Together and are Usually Both Active to some Degree
166
What do the divisions of the ANS do to the body systems?
Stimulate or Inhibit Them
167
Which Division of ANS mostly stimulates Body systems?
Sympathetic Division
168
Does the Parasympathetic Division mostly stimulate or Inhibit body systems?
Inhibit
169
Give an Example of Sympathetic Division Inhibiting a body system:
When Gastric Secretions Decrease
170
When does the Parasympathetic Division Stimulate a body System?
When Gastric Secretions Increase
171
As a Result of Sympathetic Division what does the Adrenal Medulla Secrete?
Adrenalin & Noradrenalin Hormones
172
How is the role of interneurons different in the Brain and Spinal Cord?
In the Brain it's for Interpretation
In the Spinal Cord it's a Inhibitory Interneuron
173
What 2 neurons are located throughout the body and in our 5 senses?
Motor & Sensory Neurons
174
Where do Motor & Sensory Neurons extend from and to?
Sensory Neurons Extend from Body to CNS
Motor Neurons Extend from CNS to Body
175
Describe How Sensory Neurons Located in CNS:
They Cell bodies and Dendrites are outside of Gray Matter of CNS but their Nerve ending are in the Gray Matter of CNS
176
Where are the Structures of Motor Neurons located in CNS?
Their Cell bodies and Dendrites are in Gray Matter of CNS
177
The Axons of which Neurons are Myelinated and Unmyelinated?
Motor & Sensory Neurons = Myelinated
Inter-Neurons= Unmyelinated
178
Which Gray Matter has different Parts based on it's lobes?
Gray Matter of Cerebrum
179
Does the Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord have different parts?
NO
180
Describe the difference in location of the Gray Matters of the Cerebrum and Spinal Cord
Gray Matter of Cerebrum is the not Rigid Outer Layer
Gray Matter of Spinal Cord Is a Rigid Inner Layer
181
What Structures are found in the Gray Matter of Cerebrum?
Cell Bodies and Unmyelinated Axons
182
What Structures are found in the Gray Matter of Spinal Cord?
Cell Bodies, Unmyelinated Axons, Dendrites
(DENDRITES aren't in Gray Matter of Cerebrum)
183
What Interprets the Signals in the Gray Matter of Cerebrum?
Inter-neurons
184
The Gray matter of spinal cord contains ____________ which ________ interpret The Signal?
1) Inhibitory Inter-neurons
2) Don't
BIO GRADE 12
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
-
CH1 SEC 149
-
CH1 SEC2101
-
CH1 SEC374
-
CH2 SEC1185
-
CH2 SEC2123
-
CH2 SEC3128
-
CH3 SEC1109
-
CH3 SEC2166
-
CH3 SEC374
-
CH4 SEC1138
-
CH4 SEC2184
-
CH4 SEC3178
-
CH4 SEC466
-
CH5 SEC1103
-
CH5 SEC2291
-
CH6 SEC1109
-
CH6 SEC2196
-
CH6 SEC3178
-
CH7 SEC1147
-
CH7 SEC2114
-
CH8 SEC151
-
CH8 SEC265
-
CH8 SEC349
-
CH8 SEC4 (کۆتایی)158
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