1
Q
Characteristics are Largely Determined by _______ _______.
A
Genetic Factors
2
Q
The Structure of DNA Helps Explain How:
A
Genes Function in Making Proteins that determine traits in Organisms
3
Q
What is a Gene?
A
It’s a Segment of DNA Located on a Chromosome.
4
Q
A Gene Codes for a _________ _________.
A
Hereditary Character
5
Q
How does a Gene Determine a Person’s Hair Colour?
A
It Directs the Making of Protein Called Melanin ( Is a Pigment)
6
Q
Explain How Genes Direct the Making of a Protein?
A
Through an Intermediate which is
(Ribonucleic Acid or RNA)
7
Q
During Transcription DNA:
A
Acts as a Template for Synthesis of RNA
8
Q
During Translation RNA:
A
Directs the Assembly of Proteins
9
Q
Describe Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression Process?
A
The Forming Of Proteins Based on the Info in DNA & Carried out by RNA
10
Q
How Can the Concept of Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression be Symbolised?
A
DNA —-> RNA —-> Protein
11
Q
Gene Expression Includes Both:
A
Transcription & Translation
12
Q
Proteins Protect the Body:
A
Against Infection
13
Q
Give Examples of the Proteins that Protect the Body from Infections?
A
Interferon,Complement System,
Cytokines & Antibody
14
Q
Proteins carry ________ In Red Blood Cells.
A
Oxygen (Hemoglobin)
15
Q
RNA Contains _________ Sugar
DNA Contains ______________ Sugar
A
1.) Ribose 2.) Deoxyribose
16
Q
Regarding Nitrogenous Bases State a Difference Between RNA & DNA?
A
RNA = Contains A Base Called Uracil
DNA = Contains a Base Called Thymine
17
Q
RNA is Usually ________ Stranded Rather than _________ Stranded.
A
1.) Single 2.) Double
18
Q
Some Regions of a Single Stranded RNA:
A
Fold to Form Short Double-Stranded Sections
19
Q
In Double Stranded Sections of RNA What Bases Pair Together?
A
Adenine Pairs with Uracil
Cytosine Pairs with Guanine
20
Q
DNA Is Always __________ Stranded.
A
DOUBLE
21
Q
IN DNA What Bases Pair Together?
A
Adenine Pairs with Thymine
Cytosine Pairs with Guanine
22
Q
_____ Is Usually Much Shorter in Length than ______.
A
1.) RNA 2.) DNA
23
Q
Is RNA about the Length of 1 Gene?
A
YES
24
Q
________ is Usually Long Containing Hundreds or Thousands of ______.
A
1.) DNA 2.) Genes
25
Do DNA & RNA Contain both the Same Phosphate Group?
YES
26
Which Nitrogenous Bases are Found in Both RNA & DNA?
Adenine , Guanine , Cytosine
27
Both RNA & DNA are _______ ______ made up of ____________.
1.) Nucleic Acids 2.) Nucleotides
28
Describe the Structure of the Nitrogenous Base Uracil?
It's a Single-Ring Structure (Pyrimidine)
29
How does Uracil Pair with Adenine?
By 2 Hydrogen Bonds
30
In the Double Stranded Region of RNA A% Equals to ____ %.
U
31
Do the 4 DNA Nucleotides Differ from the 4 RNA Nucletodies?
YES
32
Why do all RNA Nucleotides differ from the DNA Nucleotides?
As RNA Nucleotides Contain Ribose Sugar, But DNA Nucleotides Contain Deoxyribose Sugar.
33
How Many Different Nucleotides are there in Both DNA & RNA?
8
34
How Many Major Types of RNA do Cells Have?
3
35
Do Each Type of RNA play a Different role in Protein Synthesis?
YES
36
What are the 3 Types of RNA?
1.) mRNA 2.) rRNA 3.) tRNA
37
What are the 3 Types of RNA also Called?
mRNA = Messenger RNA
rRNA = Ribosomal RNA
tRNA = Transfer RNA
38
mRNA Carries the:
Instructions from a Gene to Make a Protein
39
mRNA has ________.
Codons
40
In Eukaryotic Cells, mRNA carries the Genetic Message:
From DNA in the Nucleus to the Ribosomes in the Cytosol.
41
rRNA is Part of the:
Structure of Ribosomes
42
What are Ribosomes?
They are Organelles in the Cell where Protein Synthesis Occur
43
Are Ribosomes Only made of rRNA?
No they are Made from Many Proteins
44
______ is the Major Component of Ribosomes.
rRNA
45
tRNA transfers:
Amino Acids to the Ribosome to Make a Protein
46
tRNA has ___________.
Anticodons
47
True or False: The Entire tRNA is Made of Nucleotides linked Together.
True
48
A Codon is the:
3 Adjacent Nucleotides in the mRNA
49
What is an Anticodon?
It's the 3 Adjacent Nucleotides on the tRNA
50
Are the Anticodons on tRNA complementary to the Condons on mRNA?
YES
51
If the Codons on mRNA are (AUCG) what will the Anticodons on tRNA be?
UAGC
52
Transcription is the Process by which:
Genetic Instructions in a Specific Gene are Transcribed into a RNA Molecule
53
Where Does Transcription take Place in Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells?
Eukaryotic Cells = Nucleus
Prokaryotic Cells = DNA-Containing Region in the Cytoplasm
54
When Does Transcription Start?
When RNA Polymerase binds to a Promoter
55
RNA Polymerase is an:
Enzyme that Binds to Promoter & Catalyses the Formation of RNA
56
Transcription Occurs on a:
SINGLE STRAND OF DNA
57
What is a Promoter?
It's a Specific Nucleotide Sequence of DNA Where RNA Polymerase Binds
58
_________ is the Starting of a Gene
Promoter
59
What Happens to the DNA when RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter?
The DNA Starts Unwind and Separate
(BREAKING THE HYDROGEN BONDS)
60
What Happens in the 2nd Step of Transcription?
RNA Polymerase Adds Free RNA Nucleotides
61
The RNA Nucleotides Added by RNA Polymerase are:
Complementary to the Nucleotides on One of the DNA Strands
62
What Happens As RNA Polymerase Moves Past?
The Separated DNA Strands Rewind
62
What Forms as a Result of Binding of Nucleotides of DNA and Free RNA Nucleotides?
RNA
63
What does RNA Polymerase reach in the 3rd Step of Transcription
A Termination Signal
64
Termination Signal is a:
Specific Sequence of Nucleotides that Marks the End of a GENE
65
How Does RNA Polymerase Act Upon Reaching the Termination Signal?
It releases Both the DNA & the Newly Formed RNA
66
Can the RNA made in Transcription be any of the 3 Kinds of RNA?
YES
67
True or False: After Releasing RNA & DNA, RNA Polymerase can transcribe another gene?
TRUE
68
State a Similarity Between Replication & Transcription?
The Complementary Base Pairing Determines the Nucleotide Sequence in the Newly Made DNA & RNA
69
If the Base Sequence on the DNA Strand was (ATCGAC) What Would the Bases on the RNA be?
UAGCUG
70
Unlike DNA Replication Transcription:
Uses Only a Specific Region on 1 of the 2 DNA Strands to Serve as a Template
71
What is the Non-Template Strand also Called?
Complementary Strand to the DNA Template
72
Can the Non-Template Strand Also Be Called the Strand the isn't used to Make mRNA?
YES
73
The DNA Template Strand is Also Called?
The Strand that Codes for Making mRNA
74
Solve All Questions on Page 89
:)
75
What Enzymes Participate in DNA Replication?
1 Helicase, 2 DNA Polymerase, 1 Ligase
76
What Enzymes Participate in RNA Transcription?
ONLY RNA Polymerase
77
What things Participates in Translation?
All 3 Types of RNA, Ribosome, Amino Acid & Enzyme
78
Does DNA Participate in Translation?
No but Translation is Based on the Information from DNA
79
In Which of DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation does a Replication fork form?
ONLY IN DNA REPLICATION
80
Where Does Translation Take Place?
In the Cytoplasm for Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
81
The Genetic Code is the term of Rules:
That Relate how a Sequence of Bases in a Nucleotide Correspond to a Particular Amino Acid
82
In the Genetic Code:
3 adjacent Nucleotides in mRNA Specify an Amino Acid
83
A Codon Encodes a _______ _______
Amino Acid
84
Does a Codon Signify a Start or Stop Signal
YES
85
The Codon _______ signifies the Amino Acid Alanine
GCU
86
Is Translation of Codons to Amino Acids Preformed in the Same Way of all Organisms?
YES
87
Some Amino Acids Encoded by:
2,3 or More Different Codons
88
How do the Codons of the Same Amino Acid Differ?
By Only 1 Nucleotide
(Example UUU & UUC)
89
One Codon Never:
Encodes more than 1 Amino Acid
90
Give 2 Examples of Codons.
Start & Stop Codons
91
Start Codons in mRNA Indicate:
Where Translation Should Begin
92
Give an Example of a Start Codon & What Amino Acid does it Encode?
AUG = Encodes Methionine
93
True or False: Stop Codons Code for Amino Acids?
FALSE
94
What do Stop Codons Signal?
For Translation to End
95
Name the 3 Stop Codons:
1.) UAA 2.) UAG 3.) UGA
96
The Genetic Code is only in ________.
mRNA
97
Are Stop & Start Codons Sequences of Nucleotides in mRNA?
YES
98
How Many Different Codons are their in mRNA?
64
99
How Many Codons Encodes 20 Different Amino Acids?
61
(Stop Codons don't Code Amino Acids)
100
What Fast Way is Used to Memorise Table (8-1).
U CAN ALWAYS GROW
(PRACTICE THE TABLE)
101
Amino Acids can be Encoded by how many different Codons?
1,2,3,4,6
102
Stop Codons start with one _____ and all Contain ______ but not _____.
1.) U 2.) A 3.) C
103
Tell me the Order of the Table of the Base Paring Rule from Left to Right?
1.) tRNA 2.) mRNA 3.) DNA Template
4.) Non-Template DNA Strand
104
What is the Fast Way to Memorise the Base Pairing Rule Table.
**U A T A**
**A U A T**
C G C G
G C G C
**(واتا ئاوات)**
105
If the DNA Non Template Strand is (ATCG) what is the tRNA (Anticodons)
UAGC
106
If the DNA Non Template Strand is (ATCG) What is the mRNA (Codons)
AUCG
107
If the tRNA Anticodons are (UACG) What is the DNA Non-Template strand
ATCG
108
If the mRNA Codons are (AUCG) what are the DNA Template/Non Template Strands?
DNA Template = TAGC
DNA Non-Template = ATCG
109
Can we Apply The Base Paring Rule from mRNA Stop Codons to tRNA
NO
110
How Many tRNA Based on Anticodons do we Have?
61
(Remove the Anticodons)
111
Why don't these tRNA Anticodons (AUU, AUC, ACU) Exist?
Because they Come from Stop Codons
112
The Instructions for Making Protein are Copied from ______ to _______.
1.) DNA 2.) mRNA
113
True or False: All 3 Major Types of RNA are involved in Translation.
TRUE
114
Are Amino Acids Assembled Based on Instructions Encoded in the Sequence of Nucleotides in the mRNA
YES
115
What is Every Protein made of?
One or More Polypeptides
116
Polypeptides are:
Chains of Amino Acids Linked by Peptide Bonds
117
How Many Different Amino Acids are Found in Proteins of Living Things?
20
118
A Polypeptide Chain May Consist of:
Hundreds or Thousands of the 20 Different Amino Acids
119
How are Amino Acids Arranged in Proteins?
In a Sequence that is Specific to Each Protein
120
What Does the Amino Acid Sequence in Polypeptides Determine?
How the Polypeptides will Twist & Fold into the 3D Structure of the Protein
121
True or False: The Shape of the Protein is Important to it's Function.
TRUE
122
List the 5 Steps of Translation in Order
1. Initiation 2. Elongation
3. Elongation(Continued) 4.Termination
5. Disassembly
123
What things Join together During Initiation of Translation?
2 Ribosomal Subunits, tRNA, mRNA
124
During Initiation Enzymes Attach:
A Specific Amino Acid to 1 end of each tRNA According to the Genetic Code
125
What Does the Other End of Each tRNA Contain?
The Anticodon
126
If a tRNA Carries the Amino Acid Methionine on one end what does it carry on it's other end?
The Anitcodon UAC
127
The tRNA Carrying Methionine and UAC Anticodon Pairs with what?
The Start Codon AUG on mRNA
(This is the Initiation Step)
128
What is the 1st Amino Acid in All Polypeptides?
It's Methionine but it may be removed Later
129
During Elongation what is Put together?
The Polypeptide Chain (Amino Acids)
130
In Elongation another tRNA:
With Appropriate Amino Acids Pairs it's Anticodon with 2nd Codon in mRNA
131
During Elongation How does the Ribosome Action?
It Detaches the Methionine from the first tRNA
132
In Elongation Peptide bond:
Form Between Methionine & the 2nd Amino Acid
133
What happens to the first tRNA during Elongation?
It Exits the Ribosome
134
In Elongation does the Ribosome move a distance of 1 Codon Along the mRNA?
YES
135
Describe the Polypeptide Chain in Elongation Continued:
It Continues to Grow as mRNA moves along the Ribosome
136
Once Again in Elongation Continued A New tRNA:
Moves in Carrying an Amino Acid for the Next mRNA Codon
137
How does the Growing Polypeptide Chain Move in Elongation Continued?
It Moves from one tRNA to the Amino Acid Attached to the Next tRNA
138
When Does Elongation Continued Stop?
When the Ribosome Reaches the Stop Codon
139
During Termination the Ribosome:
Reaches the Stop Codon
140
What Happens to the Newly Made Peptide in Termination?
It FALLS OFF
141
In Which of Step of Translation does the last tRNA leave the Ribosome?
Termination
142
What Happens to the Components of Translation during Disassembly?
They Come apart
143
In Which Step of Translation do the 2 Ribosomal Structures Separate?
Disassembly
144
In Disassembly the Ribosome:
Moves Away from the mRNA
145
Describe the Translation Machinery After Disassembly?
It's now free to Translate the Same or Another mRNA
146
True or False: Several Ribosomes may Translate the same mRNA Transcript at the Same Time.
TRUE
147
As Prokaryotes lack a Nuclear Envelope:
Translation can Begin on the mRNA before Transcription of the mRNA has Finished
148
In Eukaryotes Translation of mRNA:
Occurs Only After Transcription is Finished
149
Due to Watson & Crick's Discovery is the Entire Gene Sequence of the Human Genome Known?
YES
150
Biologists Have Deciphered the Order of:
3.2 Billion Base Pairs in the Human Chromosomes
151
Does Bioinformatics use Computers to Compare Different DNA Sequences?
YES
152
How many Genes are Found in the Human Genome?
25,000
153
Order the Genetic Material From Largest to Smallest:
Genome, Chromosome, DNA, Genes & Nucleotides
154
Number of Amino Acids = ____________
Number of Codons (Not Stop Codons)
155
Number of Amino Acids = ____________
Number of Anticodons
156
Number of Peptide Bonds = __________
Number of Amino Acids -- 1
157
Please Solve Question on Page 94
:)
BIO GRADE 12
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
-
CH1 SEC 149
-
CH1 SEC2101
-
CH1 SEC374
-
CH2 SEC1185
-
CH2 SEC2123
-
CH2 SEC3128
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CH3 SEC1109
-
CH3 SEC2166
-
CH3 SEC374
-
CH4 SEC1138
-
CH4 SEC2184
-
CH4 SEC3178
-
CH4 SEC466
-
CH5 SEC1103
-
CH5 SEC2291
-
CH6 SEC1109
-
CH6 SEC2196
-
CH6 SEC3178
-
CH7 SEC1147
-
CH7 SEC2114
-
CH8 SEC151
-
CH8 SEC265
-
CH8 SEC349
-
CH8 SEC4 (کۆتایی)158
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