BIO GRADE 12 > CH5 SEC1 > Flashcards

CH5 SEC1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Hormones?

A

They are Chemical Substances that are secreted by cells

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2
Q

Hormones act to:

A

Regulate the activity of other Cells in the Body

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3
Q

Do Hormones influence almost every Cell and Organ in the Body?

A

YES

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4
Q

Describe the First Function of Hormones

A

They Regulate Growth, Development, Behaviour and Reproduction

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5
Q

Describe the Second Function of Hormones

A

They Regulate Metabolism and Water-Mineral Balance

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6
Q

Hormones Regulate ________ Production, _____ and storage

A

1.) ENERGY
2.) USE

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7
Q

Describe the Third Function of Hormones

A

They Also Maintain Homeostasis and Respond to External Stimuli

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8
Q

What 2 Things are Included in the Endocrine System?

A

1.) Endocrine Glands
2.) Specialised Cells

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9
Q

Where are the Specialised Cells located that are found in the Endocrine System?

A

Brain, Stomach, Small Intestine, Liver, Heart
(Also in Other Organs)

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10
Q

Both Endocrine Glands and Specialised Cells make and release ___________.

A

Hormones

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11
Q

Out of Hormones and Neurotransmitters which one is slower acting and has a longer effect?

A

Hormones

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12
Q

Where do Hormones and Neurotransmitters effect when they are released?

A

Hormones = Surrounding Cells or other Cells in the Body
Neurotransmitters = Only Postsynaptic Cell

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13
Q

What are Hormones and Neurotransmitters Released by?

A

Hormones = Glands and Specialised Cells
Neurotransmitters = Presynaptic Neurons Axon Terminal

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14
Q

How are Hormones Transported?

A

Through the Bloodstream or by Fluids around the Cells

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15
Q

Can Neurotransmitters be Transported like Hormones? (How are they Transported?)

A

NO, They are Transported through Synaptic Cleft

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16
Q

Name Some Examples of Hormones (I,G,T) :

A

Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroxine …..

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17
Q

Dopamine and Acetylcholine are:

A

Neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Describe 2 Similarities between Hormones & Neurotransmitters?

A

1.) They are Chemical Messengers that coordinate Body activities
2.) They Bind to Receptor Proteins

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19
Q

What are the 2 Types of Glands?

A

Endocrine Glands & Exocrine Glands

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20
Q

What are Endocrine Glands and what are they a part of?

A

They are ORGANS that Secrete Hormones
and belong to the Endocrine System

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21
Q

Why don’t Exocrine Glands Belong to the Endocrine System?

A

Because rather than Hormones they Secrete Water, Enzymes, and Mucus

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22
Q

Endocrine Glands are ______ less and secrete their Hormones into the _________ or _______.

A

1.) Ductless
2.) Blood Stream
3.) Fluid around Cells (Extracellular Fluid)

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23
Q

Do Exocrine Glands Have Ducts?

A

YES

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24
Q

What are Ducts?

A

They are Tube like structures that transport the substances to specific locations in and out of the Body

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25
Name some Endocrine Glands (P,T,A)?
Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland .....
26
Name the Exocrine Glands: ( S,S,M,P,S,C)
Sweat Glands, Salivary Glands, Mucous Gland, Prostate Gland, Seminal Vesicle, Cowper's Gland.
27
What are Target Cells?
They are Specific Cells to which a Hormone travels to produce a Specific Effect
27
Are Digestive Glands Endocrine Glands or Exocrine Glands?
Exocrine Glands
28
What Can Some Endocrine Glands do? (Give an Example)
Some Endocrine Glands Can also be Exocrine Glands Like the Pancreas
29
Each Hormone Effects __________:
Only it's Target Cells
30
What do Target Cells have?
Receptors
31
Describe the Receptors of Target Cells:
They are Proteins that Bind to Specific Signal Molecules causing the cell to respond
32
Each Receptor ______ to a Specific _______.
1.) Binds 2.) Hormone
33
Genrally What Does the Binding of the Hormone to the Receptor trigger?
Events that lead to changes within the cell
34
Where can Receptors of Target Cells Be Found?
On Cell Membrane & In Cytoplasm or Nucleus
35
Receptors for Neurotransmitters are only On ______ _________.
Cell Membrane
36
What are the Names of the Groups that Hormones can be grouped into based on their Structure?
1. Amino acid-based Hormones(Peptide Hormones) 2. Steroid Hormones
37
What are Steroid Hormones?
They are Lipids that the Body makes from Cholesterol
38
What are Peptide Hormones Made off?
Amino Acids
39
How Can Peptide Hormones be?
A Single Modified Amino Acid(Not a Protein) A Protein Made of 3 to 200 Amino Acids
40
Give Examples of Hormones that have the Structure of Peptide Hormones: ( I, G, T, T, E, N, T)
Insulin, Glucagon, T3, T4, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine & Thymosin
41
Give Examples Hormones that have the STRUCTURE of Steroid Hormones: ( C, A, E, P, A (T) )
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Estrogen, Progestrone & Androgens(Includes Testosterone)
42
Cortisol and Aldosterone are released by:
Adrenal Cortex
43
Describe Differences in Solubility of Steroid and Peptide Hormones?
Peptide = Most are Water- Soluble (Not T3 & T4) Steroid = Are Fat Soluble ( Also T3 & T4)
44
Describe the Movement of Peptide and Steroid Hormones through Cell Membrane:
Peptide = Unable to diffuse through Cell Membrane ( Except T3 & T4) Steroid = Can diffuse through Cell Membrane ( Also T3 & T4)
45
Where do Steroid and Peptide Hormones bind to Receptor Proteins of Target Cells?
Peptide = On Surface of Cell Membrane Steroid = In Cytoplasm or Nucleus ( T3 & T4 act like Steroid Hormones)
46
Do Peptide Hormones or Steroid Hormones need a 2nd Messenger?
Peptide Hormones ( Except T3 & T4)
47
Do Steroid Hormones or Peptide Hormones Activate Genes?
Steroid Hormones ( Also T3 & T4)
48
Can one or two Amino Acids become a protein?
NO
49
T3 and T4 are ________ hormones in Structure but act as ________ hormones?
1.) Peptide 2.) Steroid
50
MOST amino acid based hormones bind to receptor protein on the_____ _______.
Cell Membrane
51
Peptide Hormones act as a:
First Messenger
52
What does the Binding of a Hormone to a Receptor Create?
A Hormone Receptor Complex
53
Once Created what does the Hormone Receptor Complex Activate?
An Enzyme that Converts ATP to Cyclic AMP (cAMP) ( Adenosine Mono Phosphate)
54
Cyclic AMP in turn Activates:
Additional Enzymes and Proteins inside the Cell
55
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Acts as a:
Second Messenger
56
Is Cyclic AMP the Only 2nd Messenger that Cells Have?
NO
57
Cyclic AMP _________/_________ enzymes in a _____________ fashion
1.) Activates/Deactivates 2.) Cascade
58
What is the Molecule Called that Initiates Changes inside the Cell in response of Hormones binding to receptor proteins?
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
59
In a Cell Glycogen is ______ or _______.
1. Used 2. Decreased
60
What can the Target cell in figure 5-1 be?
Cell of Liver
61
What happens when the Glucose Levels in the Cell Increase?
It's transported into the blood by Glucagon
62
Does the Action of Glucagon occur between meals or straight after a meal?
Between Meals
63
Why can Steroid and Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4) diffuse through the cell membrane of their target cells?
As they are Fat soluble
64
What Happens after the Steroid and Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4) diffuse through the cell membrane?
They Bind to Receptors in the CYTOPLASM or NUCLEUS
65
In terms of enzymes what does the Binding of the Hormones to the Receptor Protein Cause within the Cells?
It Causes Cells to activate existing Enzymes or to Initiate synthesis of New Enzymes
66
When a Hormone Receptor Complex binds to DNA what does it activate?
Transcription of mRNA
67
What in turn does mRNA stimulate after being produced and what does it cause?
The production of new proteins which cause changes within the Target Cell
68
Where about are the Receptors for the Steroid Hormone Cortisol Located?
In the Cytoplasm
69
What is the Process called in which mRNA stimulates production of New Proteins?
Translation
70
What Happens to the Genes after the Hormone Receptor Complex Binds to the DNA?
The Genes either turned on or off
71
The Process that produces mRNA from DNA is Called:
Transcription
72
In figure 5-2 if there was existing enzymes would Translation and Transcription occur?
NO
73
What Happens to the Hormone Receptor Complex when it binds to DNA?
It Changes Shape
74
What Can be Produced form the protein that is stimulated and Produced by mRNA?
Glucose
75
What Can the turning of and on of genes also be called?
On = Promoter Off = Termination Signal
75
At what Times does the Cortisol Hormone Action?
During Stress
76
Why are Neuropeptides and Prostaglandins and other chemical messengers now classified as Hormones?
Because Like Hormones they Act on nearby cells to regulate Cellular Activities
77
What are the 2 other types of Hormones?
1.) Neuropeptides 2.) Prostaglandins
78
Neuropeptides are hormones secreted by:
The Nervous System
79
How are Neuropeptides different from neurotransmitters?
Neuropeptides tend to effect many cells near the nerve cells that they are released from
80
Name the 2 groups of Neuropeptides:
1.) Endorphins 2.) Enkephalins
81
What effect do Endorphins have on the Body?
They **Regulate** emotions, **Influence** Pain, **Effect** Reproduction
82
What effect do Enkephalins Have on the Body?
They Inhibit Pain Messages travelling to the Brain.
83
Where are Enkephalins Produced?
Spinal Cord
84
Prostaglandins are:
Modified Fatty Acids that are Secreted by most CELLS
85
Can we Say Prostaglandins are Steroid Hormones?
NO
86
Can Prostaglandins Hormones be released by Glands?
NO
87
Where do Prostaglandins Hormones Accumulate?
In Areas where the tissues are disturbed or Injured
88
How so Prostaglandins effect Blood Pressure?
Some Prostaglandins Reduce Blood Pressure but Others Raise Blood Pressure
89
How do Prostaglandins effect Smooth Muscles?
Some Prostaglandins Cause them to Relax and Others Cause them to Contract
90
Prostaglandins cause:
Fever and Pain
91
How do Aspirin and Acetaminophen reduce fever and decrease pain?
By Inhibiting Prostaglandin Synthesis
92
What is 2 similarities between Prostaglandin, Endorphin & Enkephalins?
1. They are not Secreted by Gland and Specialised Endocrine Cells 2. They aren't controlled by Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland
93
Do Prostaglandin act on far away Cells?
No they Act Locally on surrounding Cells
94
Prostaglandin are _______ groups.
Many
95
Give an Example of the smooth Muscles that the Prostaglandin stimulate?
The ones that Line the Female Reproductive Tract During Sexual Contact
96
When do Prostaglandin cause smooth muscle of Uterus to Contract?
During Childbirth
97
Give an Example of Cells the produce Prostaglandin?
The Cells of the Fetal Membrane During Childbirth
98
Like Prostaglandin to Histamine Also Act Locally?
Yes
99
Like Prostaglandin Histamine are also produced by _______ not ________.
1.) Cells 2.) Glands
100
What do both Prostaglandin and Histamine EFFECT and CAUSE?
Effect = Circulation (Blood) Cause = Pain
101
When Can Prostaglandin and Histamine be released at the same time?
During Injury
BIO GRADE 12
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