BIO GRADE 12 > CH5 SEC2 > Flashcards

CH5 SEC2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland Control:

A

The Initial release of many Hormones

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2
Q

Are Both The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland Organs?

A

YES

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3
Q

Do the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Control the Secretion of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine?

A

NO they are released from the Adrenal Medulla

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4
Q

Do the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Control the Secretion of Insulin and Glucagon?

A

NO they are released from the Pancreas

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5
Q

As Gastrin and Secretin hormones are not released by the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland what releases them?

A

Gastrin = is Released from the STOMACH
Secretin = is Released from the INTESTINE

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6
Q

As Calcitonin and Melatonin Hormones are not released by the the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland What releases them?

A

Calcitonin = Is Released from Thyroid Gland
Melatonin = is Released from Pineal Gland

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7
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland also don’t control secretion of ___________, __________, and _________ Hormones.

A

1.) Prostaglandin 2.) Endorphins 3.) Enkephalins

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8
Q

Where is the Thymosin Hormone Released from?

A

From the Thymus Gland
( NOT HYPOTHALAMUS OR PITUITARY GLAND)

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9
Q

Parathyroid Hormones are released from the _________ ______.

A

Parathyroid Glands
( NOT HYPOTHALAMUS OR PITUITARY GLAND)

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10
Q

What are the Hormone Storage cells in the Posterior Pituitary for?

A

The Hormones OTH + ADH

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11
Q

From the Hypothalamus how do the Hormones RH and RIH get Transported to the Pituitary?

A

Through Blood Vessels

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12
Q

From Hypothalamus How do the Hormones OTH and ADH get transported to the Pituitary?

A

By an AXON

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13
Q

What in the Anterior Pituitary is the Target for the Hormones RH and RIH?

A

Endocrine Cells

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14
Q

Are Blood Vessels Located in Both Anterior and Posterior Pituitary?

A

YES

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15
Q

Hypothalamus is:

A

The area of the Brain that coordinates many activates of the Nervous and Endocrine System

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16
Q

What 2 Organs Serve as Major Control Centers for the release of many Hormones?

A

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

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17
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus in the Nervous System?

A

It receives Information from other Brain Regions and then Responds to these Signals

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18
Q

What is the Function of the Hypothalamus in the Endocrine System?

A

They Respond to Blood Concentrations of Circulating Hormones

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19
Q

How do the Hypothalamus respond in Both the Nervous and Endocrine System?

A

It issues instructions in the form of Hormones to the Pituitary Gland

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20
Q

How does the Hypothalamus Regulate the Posterior and Anterior Pituitary?

A

Posterior Pituitary = Through Axons
Anterior Pituitary = Through Blood Vessels

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21
Q

What are the Hormones Called that the Hypothalamus produces and are Stored in the Posterior Pituitary?

A

OTH and ADH

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22
Q

The Hormones RH and RIH are produced by the __________ and regulate the _________ ______ _____ Activity

A

1.) Hypothalamus
2.) Anterior Pituitary Glands

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23
Q

Are the Hormones RH and RIH stored in the Anterior Pituitary?

A

NO

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24
Q

What are the Nerve Cells in the Hypothalamus Called?

A

Neurosecretory Cells

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25
What is the Function of Neurosecretory Cells?
They Secrete Hormones of the Hypothalamus
26
The Axons of Neurosecretory Cells:
Extend into the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary
27
Neurosecretory Cells Secrete:
OTH, ADH, RH, & RIH
28
What are the Long Names of the Hormones OTH and ADH?
OTH = Oxytocin Hormone ADH = Antidiuretic Hormone
29
What are the Long Names of the Hormones RH and RIH?
RH = Releasing Hormone RIH = Release-inhibiting Hormones
30
How and where the Hormones OTH and ADH transported from the Hypothalamus?
They are Transported through Axons into the POSTERIOR Pituitary
31
What Happens Oxytocin and Antiduretic Hormones once in the Posterior Pituitary?
They are Stored before Eventual Release into Bloodstream
32
Releasing Hormones Travel to:
The Anterior Pituitary through BLOOD VESSELS
33
Describe the effect of the RH hormone on the Anterior Pituitary?
They Stimulate the Anterior Pituitary to Make and Secrete Hormones
34
RH Hormones Include:
GH-RH, PRL-RH, LH-RH, FSH-RH, ACTH-RH , TRH
35
Like Releasing Hormones RIH Hormones Travel:
To the Anterior Pituitary through Blood Vessels
36
What Effect does the RIH hormone have on the Anterior Pituitary?
They Inhibit production and secretion of 2 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
37
RIH Hormones Include:
GH-RIH & PRL-RIH
38
The Pituitary gland is Suspened from:
The Hypothalamus by a Short Stalk
39
What 2 parts do the Pituitary Gland Consist of?
1.) Anterior Lobe 2.) Posterior Lobe.
40
How is the Anterior Lobe Connected with the Hypothalamus?
By a Special System of Blood Vessels
41
How is the Posterior Lobe Connected with the Hypothalamus?
By Axons of the Neurosecretory Cells
42
Does the Posterior Lobe Produce Hormones?
No it only Stores the Hormones OTH & ADH from the Hypothalamus
43
What 2 Hormones does the Anterior Pituitary Make that are regulated by both RIH and RH?
Prolactin (PRL) Growth Hormone (GH)
44
Name the Hormones that the Anterior Pituitary Makes which are Regulated ONLY by RH hormone:
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH
45
What are the Long Names of FSH, LH and TSH?
FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone LH = Leutenizing Hormone TSH = Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
46
What is the Long Name of the Hormone ACTH?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
47
Since the Hormones (FSH, LH, TSH & ACTH) are not Regulated by RIH why are they not released continuously?
They are Stopped by Negative Feedback
48
When does the Anterior Pituitary Secrete and Stop Secreting The Hormone PRL?
Secretes = When Hypothalamus Secretes PRL-RH Stops Secreting = When Hypothalamus Secretes PRL-RIH
49
When does the Anterior Pituitary Secrete and Stop Secreting The Hormone GH?
Secretes = When Hypothalamus Secretes GH-RH Stops Secreting = When Hypothalamus Secretes GH-RIH
50
When does the Anterior Pituitary Secrete and Stop Secreting The Hormone FSH?
Secretes = When Hypothalamus Secretes FSH-RH Stop Secreting = By Negative Feedback
51
When does the Anterior Pituitary Secrete and Stop Secreting The Hormone LH?
Secretes = When Hypothalamus Secretes LH-RH Stop Secreting = By Negative Feedback
52
When does the Anterior Pituitary Secrete and Stop Secreting The Hormone TSH?
Secretes = When Hypothalamus Secretes TRH Stops Secreting = By Negative Feedback
53
When does the Anterior Pituitary Secrete and Stop Secreting The Hormone ACTH?
Secretes = When Hypothalamus Secretes ACTH-RH Stops Secreting = When STRESS is gone
54
Out of Prolactin and Oxytocin Which one is Active First?
Prolactin (PRL)
55
The Target of Which Hormones is not a Gland?
ADH & GH
56
The Target of Which hormones is the Endocrine Gland?
ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH
57
The Target Organ of Which Hormones are the Same?
1. (LH + FSH) 2. (OTH + PRL)
58
What Part of the Neuron Secretes Hormones?
Neurosecretory Cells
59
Name the Hormones that Neurons Produce and Release?
OTH, ADH , RH, RIH
60
How Many RH and RIH Hormones do Neurons Make & Release?
RH = 6 RIH = 2
61
Are Enkephalins and Endorphins Secreted and Produced by Neurosecretory Cells?
No they are Secreted by Other NEURONS
62
Which Hormones Does the Hypothalamus Directly Control?
The ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES (PRL, GH, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH)
63
Which Hormones Does the Hypothalamus Indirectly Control?
(T3 & T4) All Steroid Hormones (Cortisol, Aldosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Androgens)
64
What is the Thyroid Glands and Where are they Located?
They are 2 Lobes, Located Near the Lower Part of the Larynx and on the Trachea
65
How Many Hormones does the Thyroid Gland Produce and Secrete?
3
66
Name the Hormones that the Thyroid Gland Produces and Secretes:
1.) Triiodothyronine Hormone (T3) 2.) Thyroxine Hormone (T4) 3.) Calcitonin Hormone
67
T3 & T4 are derived with the Same _______ _____ and Synthesised with _______________.
1.) Amino Acid 2.) Iodine Atoms in their Structure
68
What are T3 and T4 Regulated By?
TSH from the Anterior Pituitary
69
Is Calcitonin Regulated by TSH?
NO
70
T3 and T4 Help Maintain:
Normal Heart Rate, Blood Pressure & Body Temperature
71
What 2 Drugs disrupt the Function of T3 and T4?
Nicotine and Alcohol
72
What do the Hormones T3 & T4 Promote?
Carbohydrate Usage Over Fat Usage for Energy
73
Why is the the Thyroid Gland Important to Human Development?
As the Thyroid Hormones Promote the Development of many of the Body's Systems.
74
T3 and T4 Stimulate Enzymes that are:
Associated With Glucose Oxidation and Oxygen Consumption
75
Do the Enzymes that T3 and T4 Stimulate also Generate Heat and Increase Cellular Metabolic Rates?
Yes
76
Which Type of Respiration do T3 & T4 act in?
Aerobic Respiration
77
What does the Hormone Calcitonin Stimulate?
The Transfer of Calcium Ions from the Blood to the Bone
78
What Happens to the Calcium Ions Once they get Transferred to the Bone?
They Can be Used to Generate Bone Tissue (Used in Ossification)
79
Calcitonin also Acts to Decrease:
Blood Calcium Levels
80
Can Abnormal Thyroid Activity be Detrimental to the Body's Metabolism?
Yes
81
What are the 2 Types of Thyroid Abnormality?
1.) Hyperthyroidism 2.) Hypothyroidism
82
Hyperthyroidism is the:
Overproduction of the Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)
83
List the Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism: (O,W,HB,IH,IT)
Overactivity ,Weight Loss, High Blood Pressure, Increase Heart rate & Body Temp
84
How is Hyperthyroidism Treated?
MEDICATION or Surgical Removal of Part of Thyroid Gland
85
During Hyperthyroidism does the Levels of the Hormone TSH decrease or Increase?
DECREASE
86
What is the deficiency of Thyroid Hormones Called?
Hypothyroidism
87
The Symptoms of Hypothyroidism are: (L,GR,WG,LH,LT)
Lethargy, Growth Retardation, Weight Gain, Low Heart Rate, Low Body Temp
88
How is Hypothyroidism treated?
With Supplementary Thyroxine
89
Do the Levels of TSH increase or decrease during Hypothyroidism?
Increase
90
What 2 other disorders can Hypothyroidism Cause?
1.) Cretinism 2.) Goiter
91
What is Cretinism and can Hypothyroidism lead to it?
It's a Form of Mental Retardation if Hypothyroidism Occurs During Fetal and Childhood Development
92
Goiter is the ________________. When Hypothyroidism is Caused by _____________.
1.) Swelling of Thyroid Gland 2.) Iodine Deficiency
93
What are the Inner and Outer Layers of the Adrenal Medulla Called?
Inner Core = Medulla Outer Layer = Cortex
94
Medulla Produces:
2 Peptide Hormones (Epinephrine & Norepinephrine)
95
What are the 2 Hormones Produced by the Medulla Controlled By? (Epinephrine & Norepinephrine)
The Nervous System
96
What are the Hormones Epinephrine & Norepinephrine also Called?
Epinephrine = Adrenaline Norepinephrine = Noradrenaline
97
Are the Hormones Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Secreted by the Nervous System?
No they are just controlled by it
98
What do Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Organise?
The Nervous Systems Reaction to STRESS and it Fight or Flight Response to Danger.
99
What does the Medulla do when a Person is Stressed?
It Secretes Epinephrine & Norepinephrine into Bloodstream
100
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Increase: (H,B,B,B)
Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose Level, Blood Flow to Heart & Lungs.
101
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Stimulate Enlargment of __________ & Dilation of ________
Enlargement of Bronchiole Tubes & Dilation of Pupils
102
What are the Target Cells for Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Bronchiole Tubes & Pupils (Iris Muscles)
103
What Type of Division Causes the Secretion of Epinephrine & Norepinephrine?
Sympathetic Division (From PNS)
104
The Cortex Produces:
2 Steroid Hormones Cortisol & Aldosterone
105
What are Cortisol & Aldosterone regulated By:
Hormones of the Anterior
106
What does the Adrenal Cortex Respond to?
The Hormone ACTH which is secreted by Anterior Pituitary
107
What Does Stress Cause the Hypothalamus to Secrete?
ACTH Releasing Hormone (ACTH-RH)
108
ACTH-RH Stimulates:
The Anterior Pituitary to Secrete ACTH
109
What Does the Hormone ACTH stimulate once Secreted?
The Adrenal Cortex to Produce the Steroid Hormones (Cortisol & Aldosterone)
110
What does Cortisol Promote?
The Production of Glucose from Proteins Making Usable Energy Available to Cells
111
How does Aldosterone Help Raise Blood Pressure and Blood Volume?
By Stimulating Salt and Water Retention by the Kidneys
112
What is the Gland Called that Secretes both Steroid and Peptide Hormones?
Adrenal Gland
113
Epinephrine & Norepinephrin are Controlled by both?
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Divisions of ANS
114
Both ________ & _____ have Effects on the Kidneys' Water.
Aldosterone & ADH
115
Do Both Medulla and Cortex Function as Separate Endocrine Glands?
YES
116
Adrenal Gland is Located Above Each:
Kidney
117
Puberty is When:
Sex Organs Mature & Secondary Sex Characteristics Appear
118
What Type of Hormones Regulate Changes at Puberty?
SEX HORMONES
119
What are the Secondary Sex Characteristics in Males?
Sperm Production Starts, Voice Deepens, Chest Broadens, Hair Grows on Body & Face
120
What Male Sex Hormone Regulates the Secondary Characteristics?
ONLY TESTOSTERONE
121
List the Secondary Characteristics in Females:
Menstrual Cycle Begins, Breasts Grow & Hips Widen
122
Which of the Female Sex Hormones Regulates the Secondary Characteristics?
ONLY ESTROGEN
123
What 2 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Stimulate Secretes of Sex Hormones from Gonads?
LH & FSH
124
What is the Gamete(Egg) Producing Organ in Females?
OVARIES
125
When Stimulated by LH & FSH the Ovaries Secrete:
Estrogen & Progesterone
126
How do Estrogen & Progesterone Help Prepare for Pregnancy?
1.) Cause the Ovary to Release an Egg Each Month 2.) Buildup the Uterine Lining
127
What is the Gamete (SPERM) Producing Organ in Males?
TESTES
128
When Stimulated by LH the Testes Secrete?
A Group of Sex Hormones Called Androgens
129
What 2 Things Stimulate Sperm Production?
Testosterone & FSH
130
What is one of the Hormones of Androgens?
Testosterone
131
The Pancreas Mostly Contains ________ ______ which Produce _________ ______.
1.) Exocrine Cells 2.) Digestive Fluids
132
What are the Names of the Cells in the Pancreas that function as and ENDOCRINE GLAND?
Islets of Langerhans
133
What Hormones do Islet Cells in the Pancreas secrete and Whats their Effect?
2 Peptide Hormones (INSULIN & GLUCAGON) Which Regulate the Level of Sugar in the Blood
134
How does INSULIN LOWER the blood SUGAR LEVELS?
By Stimulating Body Cells (MUSCLE CELLS) To Store Glucose from Blood or Use it For Energy
135
How Does GLUCAGON INCREASE blood SUGAR LEVELS?
By Stimulating Liver Cells to release Glucose into Blood
136
What is the Disorder Called that is Caused by Excessive Insulin?
Hypoglycemia
137
What Happens During Hypoglycemia?
Glucose is Stored Rather than Being Properly Delivered to Body Cells
138
What does Hypoglycemia Lead to & How does Body React?
Leads to a Lowered Blood Glucose Concentration Body Releases Glucagon and Epinephrine to Increase Glucose Level
139
What Symptoms do Hypoglycemia Include? (L,D,N,O,D)
Lethargy, Dizziness, Nervousness, Overactivity & Sometimes DEATH
140
What is Diabetes Caused By?
Deficiency of Insulin leading to High Blood Glucose Concentration
141
How Many Types does Diabetes Have?
2
142
How is Type 1 Diabetes Caused?
When Immune System Attacks & Kills Insulin Producing Islet Cells
143
What are the 2 Ways in Which Type 1 Diabetes is treated?
1.) Daily Injection of Insulin Into the Blood 2.) Sometimes with Islet Cell Transplant
144
Type 2 Diabetes Usually Occurs After _______ and is More _______ than Type 1?
1.) AGE 40 2.) COMMON
145
What is Type 2 Diabetes Caused by?
Insufficient Insulin or Less Responsive Target Cell Receptors
146
Which Type of Diabetes is HEREDITARY and Its Onsets Correlates with Obesity and an Inactive Life?
TYPE 2 DIABETES
147
How Can Type 2 Diabetes be Controlled?
By Exercise and Diet
148
In Diabetes Excess Glucose Inhibits:
Water Reabsorption By the Kidneys Producing Large Amounts of Urine
149
Lack of Insulin can lead to Imbalance of:
Acid-Base & Absorbed Substances (Electrolyte Imbalance)
150
What 6 things May the Changes Caused by Diabetes Lead to? (N,RB,HP,DN,C,D)
Nausea, Rapid Breathing, Heart Problems, Depression of Nervous System, Coma, DEATH
151
Diabetes Inhibits the Function of Which Hormone?
ADH
152
What 4 Hormones Increase Glucose Levels?
GLUCAGON, CORTISOL, EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE
153
What is the Normal Blood Glucose Level?
90mg/100mL
154
In Type 2 Diabetes Can Insulin Levels in Blood Sometimes Be Normal?
Yes but the Receptors of Insulin May Become Damaged
155
What Does Diabetes Act as which Causes dehydration of Kidneys?
Alcohol
156
Name Some other Glands that are Part of the Endocrine System?
Thymus Gland, Pineal Gland & The Parathyroid Glands
157
Specialised _______ Cells are also Located in the Brain, ______ Liver ________ and other Organs
1.) Endocrine 2.) Stomach 3.) Small Intestine
158
Where is The Thymus Gland Located?
Behind the Sternum, Between the lungs & On the Heart
159
The Thymus Gland has a Role in:
The Development of the Immune System
160
What is the Name of the Hormone that the Thymus Gland Releases?
Thymosin Hormone
161
What Type of Hormone is Thymosin and How does it Function?
It's a PEPTIDE HORMONE that STIMULATES the Maturation of T Cells
162
Does Thymosin Target Immature T cells or Mature?
Immature
163
Where is the Pineal Gland Located?
Near the BASE of the BRAIN
164
The Pineal Gland Secretes:
Melatonin Hormone
165
When do Concentrations of Melatonin Increase & Decrease?
Increase Sharply at NIGHT Decrease Dramatically at DAY
166
Does Melatonin Help to Regulate Sleep Patterns?
YES
167
How Many Glands are Parathyroid Glands and Where are they Located?
They are 4 Glands Embedded in the Back of the Thyroid Gland.
168
What Side of the Thyroid Gland are Parathyroid Glands Located in?
The Posterior Side (2 in Each Lobe)
169
Why does the Parathyroid Hormone have The Opposite Effect of Calcitonin Hormone?
As it Stimulates transfer of Calcium Ions From Bones to Blood.
170
What do the Hormones Secreted by the Endocrine Cells in the Walls of the Digestive Organs Control?
Digestive Processes
170
For What is a Proper Balance of Calcium Ions Necessary? (CD,MC,BC,NS)
Cell division, Muscle Contraction, Blood Clotting & Neural signalling
171
What Releases the GASTRIN HORMONE?
Endocrine Cells in the STOMACH LINING
172
How does the Gastrin Hormone Function?
When Food is Eaten it Stimulates Other Stomach Cells to Release Digestive Enzymes and HCL
173
Gastrin Hormone Has a Role in __________ Defence.
Non-Specific
174
Secretin Hormone is Released by:
Endocrine Cells of the SMALL INTESTINE
175
Secretin Hormone Stimulates:
The Release of Various Digestive Fluids from the Pancreas
176
Is the Lining of the Stomach and the Small Intestine Considered as Glands?
NO
177
What Type of Cells to Gastrin and Secretin Target?
Exocrine Cells
178
Which Endocrine Glands are in the Brain/Cranial Cavity?
Pituitary Gland & Pineal Gland
179
Name the Glands Which are in Pairs:
Testes, Ovaries, Adrenal Gland, Parathyroid Gland
180
The Hormones that Increase Blood Pressure are:
Prostaglandin, (T3 & T4 During Hyperthyroidism), Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Aldosterone
181
Which Hormones Have a Role in Energy/ATP Production?
Insulin, Glucagon, T3 & T4, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
182
Gastrin is Secreted by _______ and the ______ is it's Target
Stomach
183
Testosterone is Secreted by ______ and the _____ is it's Target
Testes
184
What is Feedback Mechanism?
It's a Mechanism in Which the Last Step Controls the 1st step
185
What are the 2 Types of Feedback Mechanisms?
Negative Feedback & Positive Feedback
186
Do the Most Common Hormone Systems Use Negative or Positive Feedback?
Negative
187
What is a Stable Internal Environment Called?
Homeostasis
188
Why Does the Endocrine System Play a Crucial Role in Keeping Homeostasis?
As Hormones Regulate Activities of Cells, Tissues & Organs
189
What Mechanism Controls Hormone Secretion to Maintain Homeostasis
Feedback Mechanisms
190
Does The Somatic Nervous System help Maintain Homeostasis?
YES
191
Hypothalamus & Medulla Oblongata Help Maintain ________.
Homeostasis
192
The Nervous & Circulatory System Also Help Maintain ______.
Homeostasis
193
Negative Feedback is When:
The Final Step in a Series of Events Inhibits the Initial Signal
194
The Levels of Which Hormones are Regulated by Negative Feedback?
Thyroid Hormones( T3 & T4), Estrogen & Progesterone, Testosterone
195
What Happens When the Hypothalmus Detects Low Levels of Thyroid Hormones?
It Secretes TRH to the Anterior Pituitary
196
TRH stimulates Anterior Pituitary to:
Secrete TSH into the Bloodstream
197
TSH Stimulates Thyroid Gland to:
Secrete Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)
198
How Many Negative Feedback Loops Operate when Thyroid Hormone Levels are High?
2
199
During Negative Feedback the Thyroid Hormone Acts on the Hypothalamus to:
Inhibit the Release of TRH
200
During Negative Feedback the Thyroid Hormone Also Acts on the Anterior Pituitary to:
Inhibit the Release of TSH
201
When Levels of Thyroid Hormones Decrease the amount Negative Feedback Inhibition ___________.
Declines
202
Does the Negative Feedback of Thyroid Hormones Prevent Hyper and Hypothyroidism?
YES
203
One Cause of Hyper and Hypothyroidism is that ________ ______ doesn't work Properly?
Negative Feedback
204
Due to Negative Feedback What Hormones Target the Neurosecretory Cells in Hypothalamus & Endocrine Cells in Anterior Pituitary?
T3 & T4, Testosterone, Estrogen & Progesterone
205
What Happens When Hormones are Regulated by Positive Feedback?
The release of the initial hormone stimulates the release or production of other hormones or substances.
206
Once Stimulated What do the other hormones or substances do in positive feedback?
They stimulate further release of the initial hormone.
207
In Positive Feedback Increased ESTROGEN concentration Stimulates:
A Surge in LH hormone Secretion
208
Give an Example of Time when Estrogen goes through Positive Feedback?
Before Ovulation/During The Follicular phase
209
Which Hormone is the Only Example of Positive Feedback?
ESTROGEN
210
Is There Positive Feedback of Estrogen in Males?
NO
211
What is the Target of Estrogen During Positive Feedback?
Endocrine Cells of Anterior Pituitary
212
_________ feedback doesn't Stabilise Level of Hormones.
POSITIVE
213
Only _________ feedback stabilise Level of Hormones.
Negative
214
Which Types of Feedback Regulate the Level of Hormones?
Both POSITIVE & NEGATIVE
215
What Type of Hormones are Positive and Negative Feedback for?
Fat Soluble Hormones (Steroid Hormones)
216
In Figure (5-11) What does Letter A refer to For Negative Feedback?
Secondary Substance or (Final Step)
217
In Figure (5-11) What does letter B Refer to for Negative Feedback?
Initial Stimulating Substance or (First Step)
218
In Figure (5-11) for Negative Feedback letter A can refer to which Hormones?
1.) Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4) 2.) Testosterone 3.) Estrogen WITH Progesterone
219
In Figure (5-11) for Negative Feedback of Thyroid Hormones letter B can Refer to Which Hormones?
TRH = From HYPOTHALAMUS TSH = From ANTERIOR PITUITARY
220
In Figure (5-11) For Negative Feedback of Testosterone Letter B can refer to which Hormones?
RH = From Hypothalamus LH = From Anterior Pituitary
221
In Figure (5-11) For Negative Feedback of Estrogen WITH Progesterone letter B can refer to Which Hormones?
RH = From Hypothalamus LH,FSH = From Anterior Pituitary
222
For Positive Feedback in figure (5-11) Letter A Refers to?
Secondary Substance or (Final Step)
223
For Positive Feedback in figure (5-11) Letter B Refers to?
Initial Stimulating Substance or (First Step)
224
For Positive Feedback in figure (5-11) Letter A refers to WHICH HORMONES?
Estrogen
225
For Positive Feedback in Figure (5-11) Letter B refers to WHICH HORMONES?
LH from ANTERIOR PITUITARY
226
Antagonistic Hormones are Hormones that:
Work Together in Pairs to Regulate Levels of Critical Substances
227
Why are some Hormones called Antagonistic Hormones?
As their Actions Have Opposite Effects
228
Give 2 Examples of Antagonistic Pair Hormones?
(Glucagon & Insulin) (Calcitonin & Parathyroid)
229
Glucagon and Insulin Maintain:
Specific Level of Blood Glucose
230
Are the Blood Glucose Levels High After a Meal or During a Meal?
After a Meal
231
Insulin Triggers transfer of Glucose from:
Blood into Body Cells for use and Storage
232
When are the Blood Glucose Levels Low?
BETWEEN MEALS
233
Glucagon Promotes Release of Glucose from:
Storage Sites in Liver and Elsewhere to the BLOOD
234
True or False: Insulin and Glucagon Ensure that the level of Glucose in Blood is Maintained?
True
235
Name the 4 Hormones that are Produced in the Hypothalamus? (LAST TABLE)
RH, RIH, ADH, Oxytocin
236
Which Hormones are Produced in the Anterior Pituitary? (Hint there are 6) (LAST TABLE)
TSH, LH, FSH, GH, ACTH, PRL
237
Cortisol and Aldosterone are produced in: (LAST TABLE)
Adrenal Cortex
238
Which Hormones are Produced in the Thyroid Gland. (Hint there are 3) (LAST TABLE)
T3, T4, Calcitonin
239
Which Hormone is Produced in the Parathyroid Gland? (LAST TABLE)
The Parathyroid Hormone
240
The Adrenal Medulla is the Site of Production of which Hormones? (LAST TABLE)
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
241
Insulin and Glucagon are Produced in the: (LAST TABLE)
Islets of the Pancreas
242
The Thymus Gland Produced ________ Hormone. (LAST TABLE)
Thymosin
243
The Gastrin Hormone is Produced in the _________ While the Secretin Hormone is Produced in the _________. (LAST TABLE)
1.) Stomach Lining 2.) Small Intestine
244
List the 2 Hormones Produced in the Ovaries? (LAST TABLE)
Estrogen & Progesterone
245
Prostagladin is Secreted by _______ Cells. (LAST TABLE)
Most
246
Testosterone is Produced in the _______. (LAST TABLE)
Testes
247
Which Hormone is Produced in the Placenta? (LAST TABLE)
HCG
248
Endorphins and Enkephalins Are Produced by _______ _____. (LAST TABLE)
Nerve Cells
249
RH and RIH Target the: (LAST TABLE)
Endocrine Cells of the Anterior Pituitary
250
Where does the Hormone ACTH Target? (LAST TABLE)
Adrenal Cortex
251
Do the Hormones ACTH or ADH target the Kidney Tubules? (LAST TABLE)
ADH
252
True or False the Hormone Aldosterone Targets your Kidneys? (LAST TABLE)
True
253
The Hormone Oxytocin (OTH) Targets: (LAST TABLE)
The Mammary Glands
254
Which Hormone Also Targets the Uterine Muscles, Vagina & Sphincter Muscles of Cervix. (LAST TABLE)
Oxytocin (OTH)
255
Like Oxytocin (OTH) the PRL Hormone Also Targets the: (LAST TABLE)
Mammary Glands
256
Where do the Hormone FSH & LH Target in Males and Females? (LAST TABLE)
Males = Testes Females = Ovaries
257
The Growth Hormone Targets your: (LAST TABLE)
Muscles & Bones
258
Which 2 Hormones Target your Bones? (LAST TABLE)
Calcitonin & Parathyroid
259
The Hormone ______ Targets the Thyroid Gland. (LAST TABLE)
TSH
260
The Neurosecretory cells of Hypothalamus & Endocrine Cells of Anterior Pituitary are Targets for which Hormones? (LAST TABLE)
T3 & T4, Testosterone, Progesterone
261
True or False the Thyroid Hormones Target Many of the Body's Systems? (LAST TABLE)
True
262
Which Blood Vessels do The Hormones Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Target? (LAST TABLE)
Coronary & Pulmonary Arteries
263
Do Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Target your Heart Muscle Cells (SA & AV Nodes) (LAST TABLE)
YES
264
Bronchiole Tubes & Muscles of Iris are Targets for Which Hormones? (LAST TABLE)
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
265
Insulin Targets ______ Cells Especially ______ Cells? (LAST TABLE)
1.) Most 2.) Muscle
266
Which Cells do the Hormone Glucagon Target? (LAST TABLE)
Liver Cells
267
Testosterone also Targets the: (LAST TABLE)
Lining of the Seminiferous Tubules in Testes
268
Progesterone Targets the Lining of the ______. (LAST TABLE)
Uterus
269
Where does the Hormone HCG Target? (LAST TABLE)
The Corpus Luteum
270
Prostaglandin Targets Smooth Muscles in: (LAST TABLE)
Uterus, Vagina, Cervix (Sphincter Muscle)
271
Estrogen Targets _______ cells of _______ Pituitary? (LAST TABLE)
1.) Endocrine 2.) Anterior
272
Estrogen Also Targets the Lining of? (LAST TABLE)
Uterus, Vagina, Cervix
273
What does the Hormone ADH Stimulate and Reduce? (LAST TABLE)
Stimulate = Water Reabsorption by Kidneys Reduce = Solute Concentration in Blood
274
The Hormone Aldosterone Promotes: (LAST TABLE)
Salt & Water Retention By Kidneys
275
Which Hormone Promotes the Production of Glucose from Proteins? (LAST TABLE)
Cortisol
276
Oxytocin (OTH) Stimulates: (LAST TABLE)
Flow of Milk from Breasts During Lactation
277
When Does Oxytocin Initiate Uterine Contraction? (LAST TABLE)
During Childbirth
278
PRL Stimulates ______ Production in _____ during ________. (LAST TABLE)
1.) Milk 2.) Breasts 3.) Lactation
279
What does the Hormone FSH stimulate in Males and Females? (LAST TABLE)
Males = Stimulates Sperm Production Females = Stimulates Egg Production
280
What Hormones do LH stimulate in Males and Females? (LAST TABLE)
Females = Estrogen & Progesteron Males = Testosterone
281
LH Initiates _________ in Females? (LAST TABLE)
Ovulation
282
Which Hormone Regulates the Development of Muscles & Bones? (LAST TABLE)
Growth Hormone (GH)
283
What Does Calcitonin decrease that the Parathyroid Hormones Increases? (LAST TABLE)
Calcitonin = decreases Blood Calcium Levels Parathyroid=Increases Blood Calcium Levels
284
The Hormone TSH Regulates the Secretion of _____ & _____ Hormones? (LAST TABLE)
T3 & T4
285
T3 & T4 Regulate: (LAST TABLE)
Metabolism & Development
286
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine initiate: (LAST TABLE)
The Body's Response to Stress and it's Flight or Flight Response to Danger
287
Testosterone Regulates & Stimulates: (LAST TABLE)
Regulates = Male Secondary Characteristics Stimulates = Sperm Production
288
Do Estrogen or Progesterone Regulate Female Secondary Characteristics? (LAST TABLE)
Estrogen
289
Progesterone Maintains the Growth of the: (LAST TABLE)
Uterine Lining
290
The Hormone HCG stimulates the Corpus Luteum to: (LAST TABLE)
Continue Producing Estrogen & Progesterone During Pregnancy?
BIO GRADE 12
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