Chapter 14

Question 1

Individual lives are embedded in

Answer 1

a historical context

Question 2

The life course is structured by

Answer 2

transitions and their timing

Question 3

What is human agency?

Answer 3

Humans construct their own life trajectories within the constraints of history and social circumstances

Question 4

Those who have decreases in depression and anger and increases in self-esteem between ages 18 to 25 have

Answer 4

higher quality intimate ties at age 43

Question 5

Those who marry on-time or late

Answer 5

are less depressed in midlife
compared to those who marry
early

Question 6

timing is less important than

Answer 6

making the transition

Question 7

Do kids become desensitized to adult conflict the more they are exposed to it?

Answer 7

experimental study with 2 year olds, where they were paired with a familiar peer, 2 research assistant actors, prosocial and angry interactions

NO. kids become sensitized to conflict and are MORE reactive to conflict the more they are exposed to it

Question 8

What was the sally anne test?

Answer 8

used to measure theory of mind: ability to understand that other people can hold beliefs different from your own and different from reality

sally has a basket, anne has a box

sally puts marble into her basket
sally leaves the room
anne moves the marble from the basket to the box
sally returns

where will sally look for the marble?

in the basket, because her belief is different from your knowledge

Question 9

How are friendships unique from family relationships?

Answer 9

they are the first voluntary relationships for humans

there is reciprocity - both people must participate

equal status (even sibling relationships have an age hierarchy)

Question 10

Friendships pave the way for intimacy. How?

Answer 10

develop empathy

size of friend groups, composition, and quality of friendships all foreshadow partnership characteristics

Question 11

What is adolescence characterized by?

Answer 11

strong emotional connections

low dependence

few barriers to breaking up

availability of alternatives

first sexual encounters often happen in committed adolescent relationships

provide clues about future intimate ties

Question 12

What are reasons for cohabitation and their percentages?

Answer 12

• Precursor to marriage – 46%
• Coresidential daters – 29%
• Trial marriage – 15%
• Substitute marriage – 10%

Question 13

Is it a good idea to live together before marriage?

Answer 13

complicated

on average, a risk factor for lower quality post-marital relations, except for those engaged before cohabiting

Question 14

Parenthood is another common transition. What are come characteristics of this?

Answer 14

more traditional division of labor after birth of first child

decreased leisure time in first year

less likely to divorce

Question 15

What do studies show about marriage and parenthood on satisfaction?

Answer 15

decreased satisfaction, on average, but most new parents maintain quality

Question 16

How many divorces per year per 1000 married couples in 2019?

Answer 16

7.5

Question 17

What is the 10 year risk of divorce?
20?
30?

Answer 17

7.5%

15%

22.5%

Question 18

What percentage of women and men remarry after divorce?

Answer 18

70

80

Question 19

In 2021, (blank)% of all marriages in Canada were remarriages

Answer 19

19

Question 20

Second marriages are (blank) likely to end in divorce than first marriages. Why?

Answer 20

more

individuals bring same problems into remarriages

once a divorce has happened, it’s easier to divorce again

remarriages may be harder to maintain (step children)

Question 21

What percentage of older adults are dating and cohabiting rather than remarrying after divorce or death of a spouse?

Answer 21

14

Question 22

What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?

Answer 22

as our mortality becomes clear, we prioritize positive emotional experiences over gains in knowledge

Question 23

older adults report satisfying relationships why?

Answer 23

socioemotional selectivity theory

they prioritize positive experiences (like sex)

Question 24

The life course is structured by blank

Answer 24

transitions