Chapter 4

Question 1

What is gender? What is an example?

Answer 1

non-biological characteristics, including tertiary sex characteristics (attitudes, traits, behaviours that are culturally identified as masculine or feminine)

Question 2

What is cisgender vs transgender?

Answer 2

cisgender: gender identity = sex at birth
transgender: gender identity is not sex at birth

Question 3

What is gender expression?

Answer 3

fulfillment of gendered expectations through behaviour

Question 4

What is sex? What are primary vs secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 4

biological characteristics

1: biological differences people are born with

2: biological differences that emerge after puberty

Question 5

What is the binary assumption?

Answer 5

belief that the sexes fit into two discrete categories

Question 6

What is intersex?

Answer 6

do not have genitalia or chromosomes that are clearly identifiable as male or female

Question 7

Those who are transgender/non-binary tend to be

Answer 7

younger and urban (largest cities)

Question 8

Feminine and masculine traits exist on a continuum. What is androgynous and undifferentiated?

Answer 8

Androgynous: high degrees of masculine and feminine characteristics

Undifferentiated: low level of masculine and feminine and characteristics

Question 9

Carothers and Reís asked if psychological characteristics are dimensional or categorical. What were the conclusions from this?

Answer 9

physical characteristics were categorical (physical strength)

psychological indicators, such as sexual attitudes, relational interdependence, fear of success, and five personality traits, were dimensional and followed a normal distribution

there is more variation within females and males compared to between females and males

there is a large overlap between females and males

Question 10

What is the social structural theory?

Answer 10

biological differences are only part of the story, but unequal access to power and society influences gender expression and develops expectations for gender expression and punishes those who deviate

Question 11

What is the evolutional perspective on gender characteristics?

Answer 11

evolved psychological mechanisms from our ancestral past rooted in biological differences in childbearing

Question 12

In countries with more gender equality, differences in mate preferences are smaller. What are conclusions made from this?

Answer 12

women are less likely to prefer older men

men are less likely to prefer younger women

Question 13

How are women and men different in relationship awareness?

Answer 13

women develop more cognitively complex representations of relationship events (complex does not always mean more accurate)

men report being more satisfied in their relationship ships and are more likely to report not knowing why a relationship ends

Question 14

Sexual satisfaction is more closely linked to linked to ___ for men than women

Answer 14

relationship satisfaction

Question 15

Which gender is more likely to end a relationship and experience the most distress before a relationship ends

Answer 15

women

Question 16

Which gender experienced the most distress after the relationship has ended?

Answer 16

men

Question 17

Who has a large drop of income following relationship dissolution

Answer 17

women

Question 18

What is an example of gender identity?

Answer 18

female/woman/girl

Question 19

What is an example of gender expression?

Answer 19

masculine, other

Question 20

What are the quadrants of levels of masculine and feminine traits?

Answer 20

high masculine and feminine traits: androgynous

low masculine and feminine traits:
undifferentiated

high masculine low feminine:
masculine

high feminine low masculine:
feminine

Question 21

for men and women, physical characteristics are categorical and psychological indicators (sexual attitudes, relationship interdependence, fear of success, etc) are:

Answer 21

dimensional

Question 22

Because psychological characteristics are dimensional, men and women’s level of a characteristic within a population will:

Answer 22

follow a normal distribution

Question 23

What are meta-analyses? What do meta-analyses of studies on sex differences suggest?

Answer 23

summarize results of many studies

males and females tend to show overlapping distributions on traits

Question 24

Why are there differences between men and women?

Answer 24

evolutionary perspective: based on biological differences in childbearing

social structural theory: biological differences are only part of the story, and unequal access to power influences gender expression, society develops expectations for gender expression

Question 25

In countries with more gender equality, differences in mate preferences are:

Answer 25

smaller