Chapter 2

Question 1

Explain the Five Love Languages

Answer 1

theory about relationships about the five fundamental ways people express and want to receive love words of affirmation, time together, physical touch, acts of service, gifts

Question 2

Most relationship problems stem from what

Answer 2

partners speaking different languages

Question 3

What makes a good theory of intimate relationships?

Answer 3

encompasses the full range of possible predictors
specifies mechanisms of change
account for variability between couples and within couples over time

Question 4

What does evolutionary psychology say about mate selection and sexuality literature?

Answer 4

successful adaptations either increase chances of survival or increases likelihood of successfully reproducing

our minds evolved psychological mechanisms through sexual selection, and successful strategies for attracting and selecting mates were passed on

Question 5

What is the theory of parental investment?

Answer 5

there is a different in the minimum obligatory parental investment between men and women

Question 6

Due to sex differences in procreation, what are successful behaviours for males and females?

Answer 6

males: having a large number of sexual partners, engaging in aggressive behaviour to protect

females: attracting genetically fit partners, providing care for offspring, ensuring sexual partner stays with them

Question 7

Why is evolutionary psychology limited?

Answer 7

less applicable to today’s relationships, firmly rooted in distant past, focused much more on attraction and sexual behaviours than maintaining relationships

Question 8

What is the attachment theory?

Answer 8

humans evolved an attachment behaviour that promotes closeness of caregivers, promotes felt security

Question 9

What are the dimensions of attachment? draw it out

Answer 9

view of self (anxiety) and view of others (avoidance)

preoccupied (positive view of others, low avoidance, and negative view of self, high anxiety)

fearful (negative view of self, high anxiety, negative view of others, high avoidance)

dismissing (positive view of self, low anxiety, negative view of others, high avoidance)

secure (positive view of self, low anxiety, positive view of others, low avoidance)

Question 10

People with more anxious attachment styles were more likely to engage in:

Answer 10

excessive reassurance seeking, in which they frequently asked their partner about his or her feelings

Question 11

What is social exchange theory?

Answer 11

present focused, partners evaluate their relationship by weighing the rewards and costs, focus on forces outside the couple relationship, but does not provide an idea of how relationships change over time

highly INTRAPERSONAL process, people pursue their own self-interests in all social interactions

Question 12

Relationship weighing: what is the equation and explanation for outcome, satisfaction, and dependency

Answer 12

outcome = rewards - costs

if people’s outcome is better than what they expect (their comparison level), they are satisfied with their relationship

satisfaction = outcome - CL

if people’s outcome is better than what they think they could get elsewhere (their comparison level for alternatives), they are dependent on their relationship

dependency = outcome - CLalt

Question 13

What is the spectrum for satisfaction and dependence?

Answer 13

high satisfaction and dependence: attracted and mutually committed relationships

high satisfaction and low dependence: uncommitted lovers

low satisfaction and dependence: strangers: pairs that are now dissolved

low satisfaction and high dependence: abusive relationships: empty shell marriages

Question 14

Social exchange theory suggests what about satisfaction and commitment?

Answer 14

being satisfied in a relationship is not the same as being committed to it

commitment = (investments) + satisfaction + dependence

Question 15

In social exchange theory, what are distinct constructs?

Answer 15

satisfaction = outcome - CL

dependency = outcome - CLalt

commitment = satisfaction + dependence

Question 16

Explain social learning theory

Answer 16

present focused, behaviors that partners are exchanged may be rewarded, stems from behavioral principles of operant conditioning

partners may engage in negative reciprocity as negative behaviours happen more and more frequently, and people feel less positively toward their relationship

Question 17

What are the assumptions of social learning theory

Answer 17

interactions form the core of a relationship

people learn about their relationship from their interactions

Question 18

Why do couples engage in negative behaviour?

Answer 18

SLT: people are rewarded for negative behaviour

coercion theory: people unintentionally reinforce negative behaviours

escape conditioning: people are able to stop an uncomfortable interaction by engaging in behaviours like storming out of the room or crying

Question 19

What is coercion theory?

Answer 19

people unintentionally reinforce negative behaviours

Question 20

What is escape conditioning?

Answer 20

people are able to stop uncomfortable interaction by crying

Question 21

What was the first theory to make dyad the focus?

Answer 21

Social learning theory

Question 22

What are cons of SLT?

Answer 22

accounts for change in only one direction (happy couples interact well and stay happy, other couples interact poorly and become unhappy)
does not take broader context into account

Question 23

Explain social ecological models

Answer 23

takes broader context into account
collection of theories
addresses how relationships change over time
microsystem, mesosystem, macrosystem
ABC-X

Question 24

successful strategies for attracting and selecting mates is an adaptation that was passed down through

Answer 24

sexual selection: individual’s ability to obtain mates and reproduce.

Question 25

Evolutionary theory addresses:

Answer 25

mate preference

Question 26

Attachment theory addresses:

Answer 26

partner perception

Question 27

Social exchange theory addresses:

Answer 27

stability and satisfaction

Question 28

Social learning theory addresses:

Answer 28

behaviour

Question 29

Social ecological models addresses:

Answer 29

broader relationship context, inicluding stresses

Question 30

Is social exchange theory intrapersonal or interpersonal?

Answer 30

intra

Question 31

If people's outcome is better than what they expect, they are (blank) with their relationship

Answer 31

satisfied

Question 32

If people's outcome is better than what they think they can get elsewhere, they are (blank) with their relationship

Answer 32

dependent

Question 33

If satisfaction and dependence is high, the relationship is

Answer 33

attracted and mutually committed

Question 34

If satisfaction is low and dependence is high, the relationship is

Answer 34

abusive/empty shell

Question 35

If satisfaction and dependence is low, the relationship is

Answer 35

strangers

Question 36

If satisfaction is high and dependence is low, the relationship is

Answer 36

uncommitted lovers

Question 37

What is a con about the social exchange theory?

Answer 37

Does not provide an idea of how relationships change over time

Question 38

Does social learning theory focus on inter or intrapersonal processes?

Answer 38

Inter

Question 39

What is a con about social learning theory?

Answer 39

accounts for change in only one direction

Question 40

In social ecological models, neighborhood, culture, and religion would be part of:

Answer 40

mesosystem

Question 41

What is a con about social ecological theory?

Answer 41

they specify there are links between environment and intimate relationships, but are less specific about mechanisms