Relias notes 3

Question 2

Applied behavior analysis, or ABA, is a ___ approach to understanding human behavior.

Answer 2

SCIENTIFIC

ABA applies the principles of behavior to improve socially significant behaviors.

Question 3

Everything a living thing does is called a ___ .

Answer 3

BEHAVIOR

Examples include driving a car, talking on the phone, etc.

Question 4

For something to be a behavior, you have to ___, ___, and ___ it.

Answer 4

SEE IT, COUNT IT, MEASURE IT

Other people must also be able to see it too.

Question 5

The Dead man’s test states: ‘If a dead man can’t do it, then it is a behavior’. True or False?

Answer 5

TRUE

Words like hit or smile can describe something you can see.

Question 6

Several principles guide ABA interventions, including: __________.

Answer 6

• Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction
• Stimulus control
• Motivating operations
• Generalization
• Discrimination
• Shaping
• Chaining

These principles are essential for effective ABA interventions.

Question 7

__REINFORCEMENT__ is any stimulus that will increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again. True or False?

Answer 7

TRUE

A stimulus is anything that evokes a reaction.

Question 8

Positive reinforcement delivers a stimulus that __________.

Answer 8

increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again

Examples include praise and attention that increase task-completion behavior.

Question 9

Negative reinforcement is the __________ of something a person does not like to increase the likelihood a behavior will occur again.

Answer 9

REMOVING

This is NOT punishment; reinforcement always increases behavior.

Question 10

Primary reinforcers are __________.

Answer 10

biological

Examples include food, drink, and shelter.

Question 11

Secondary reinforcers are valuable and become reinforcing after being associated with __________.

Answer 11

primary reinforcers

Examples include money, stickers, and social validation.

Question 12

Punishment is a stimulus that follows a behavior and __________ it.

Answer 12

decreases

It should only be used after other interventions haven’t worked.

Question 13

Positive punishment is __________ a stimulus or condition that will serve to reduce the future occurrence of behavior.

Answer 13

ADDING

Must be delivered swiftly after the behavior to be effective.

Question 14

Negative punishment __________ a stimulus to reduce behaviors.

Answer 14

REMOVES

It has fewer side effects than positive punishment.

Question 15

Punishment is ALWAYS a __________ tactic.

Answer 15

LAST RESORT

Using punishment that causes harm to the client is unethical.

Question 16

Extinction happens when a previously reinforced behavior is __________.

Answer 16

no longer reinforced

This leads to a decrease in the behavior over time.

Question 17

Stimulus control occurs when a behavior is performed __________ in the presence of a specific stimulus.

Answer 17

MORE FREQUENTLY

The stimulus has been consistently associated with the reinforcement of that behavior.

Question 18

Motivating operations make reinforcers or punishers __________.

Answer 18

more or less effective

Examples include hunger, thirst, and pain.

Question 19

Generalization happens when individuals apply behaviors they learn in one setting to __________.

Answer 19

new situations

Example: Learning to ask for things in different environments.

Question 20

Discrimination in ABA means being able to differentiate between different stimuli and respond appropriately based on __________.

Answer 20

the characteristics of those stimuli

Example: Stopping at a stop sign but not at a yield sign.

Question 21

Shaping is the process of reinforcing __________ to a larger target behavior.

Answer 21

smaller steps

It is used to teach new behaviors by rewarding closer approximations.

Question 22

Chaining involves breaking a complex behavior into __________ teachable units.

Answer 22

smaller

Two types of chaining: forward and backward.

Question 23

Consequences are anything that follows a behavior that will influence whether or not it will __________ again.

Answer 23

occur

Example: Giving a sticker for picking up toys.

Question 24

Behavioral function is the __________ of the behavior.

Answer 24

WHY

The reason someone engages in a behavior is to escape or gain something.

Question 25

When a person engages in a behavior to avoid something, the function of the behavior is __________.

Answer 25

ESCAPE ## Footnote This can involve escaping people, locations, or activities.