Relias notes 4

Question 2

What are PRIMARY reinforcers?

Answer 2

Biological reinforcers that people do not have to learn to want

Examples include food, drink, shelter, and physical touch.

Question 3

What are SECONDARY reinforcers?

Answer 3

Reinforcers that become valuable after being associated with primary reinforcers

Examples include money and tokens.

Question 4

Secondary reinforcers only become reinforcing __________ they have been associated with other reinforcers.

Answer 4

AFTER

This association is crucial for their effectiveness.

Question 5

Name the three types of Differential Reinforcement.

Answer 5

• DRI - Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
• DRA - Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
• DRO - Differential reinforcement of other behavior

Differential reinforcement aims to decrease problem behavior by reinforcing alternative behaviors.

Question 6

What does DRI stand for?

Answer 6

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

It reinforces a behavior that cannot occur simultaneously with the undesirable behavior.

Question 7

What does DRA stand for?

Answer 7

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

It reinforces behaviors that are alternatives to the problem behavior.

Question 8

What does DRO stand for?

Answer 8

Differential reinforcement of other behavior

It reinforces any appropriate behavior other than the inappropriate behavior within a specific time frame.

Question 9

What is SHAPING?

Answer 9

Teaching new behaviors by reinforcing small steps called successive approximations

For example, teaching a learner to write their name by starting with the first letter.

Question 10

What are the four types of reinforcement schedules?

Answer 10

• Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)
• Fixed ratio schedules (FR)
• Fixed interval schedules
• Variable ratio schedules

Each schedule has different criteria for delivering reinforcement.

Question 11

What is a CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE?

Answer 11

Delivers a reinforcer each time a behavior is displayed

Example: Zoe gets a sticker each time she answers a question correctly.

Question 12

What is a FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE?

Answer 12

Delivers a reinforcer after a certain number of times a behavior is displayed

Example: Scott is on a FR4 schedule for completing discrete trials.

Question 13

What is a FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE?

Answer 13

Delivers a reinforcer after a certain amount of time has passed

Example: Sergio can play a video game for 5 minutes after each 10-minute interval of homework.

Question 14

What is a VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE?

Answer 14

Delivers a reinforcer after a behavior is displayed an average number of times

Example: Barbie receives a cookie after matching varying numbers of objects.

Question 15

What is a VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE?

Answer 15

Delivers a reinforcer after a client displays a behavior for an average amount of time

Example: Ezra receives a reinforcer after playing for varying lengths of time.

Question 16

Negative reinforcement is the __________ of a stimulus that increases the likelihood the behavior will occur again.

Answer 16

REMOVING OR STOPPING

This process requires the individual to encounter the negative stimulus before engaging in the behavior.

Question 17

What is a TOKEN economy?

Answer 17

A system that provides a structure for the delivery of immediate and delayed reinforcement

Tokens are secondary reinforcers.

Question 18

Clearly defined behaviors are __________.

Answer 18

OBSERVABLE

This means you can take a photo of them and know exactly what is happening.

Question 19

Name three examples of types of tokens.

Answer 19

• Stickers on a chart
• Points written down
• Pennies

These can be used in individual and group formats.

Question 20

What are backup reinforcers?

Answer 20

Items or activities that individuals can ‘buy’ with the tokens they have earned

A reinforcer menu can include these items and their costs.

Question 21

What is response cost?

Answer 21

A punishment that works by withdrawing a reinforcer following the display of a specific undesirable behavior

The goal is to reduce problem behavior.

Question 22

Name three risks of using a response cost.

Answer 22

• A negative balance
• Undesirable behavior when tokens are removed
• The individual stops engaging in desirable behavior

These risks can affect the effectiveness of the reinforcement strategy.

Question 23

A general rule when delivering tokens is to deliver __________ tokens for every one time a student has received redirection.

Answer 23

FIVE

This helps maintain a positive reinforcement environment.

Question 24

Examples of behaviors that can be reinforced in a group format in a school include: __________.

Answer 24

• Walking the hallways
• Keeping hands and feet to themselves
• Using inside voice
• Putting trays away after finished

These behaviors promote a positive school environment.