Motivation (observational learning)
The learner must want to copy and perform the skill.
Matching performance
The learner compares their own performance with the model and adjusts it.
DARMM
The stages of observational learning: demonstration, attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation.
Positive reinforcement
A reward given after desired behaviour to strengthen it.
Negative reinforcement
Removing something unpleasant to strengthen desired behaviour.
Punishment
Applying an unpleasant consequence to reduce unwanted behaviour.
Drive reduction theory
A theory suggesting behaviour is reinforced when it reduces an unpleasant drive or need.
Fitts and Posner stages of learning
A model describing how performers develop skill through three stages.
Cognitive stage
The beginner stage where the learner thinks a lot and makes many errors.
Associative stage
The stage where performance becomes more consistent and the learner refines the skill.
Autonomous stage
The stage where the skill becomes automatic and requires little conscious thought.
Transfer of learning
The effect that learning one skill has on learning or performing another.
Positive transfer
When previous learning helps new learning. Example: throwing skills transferring from cricket to javelin.
Negative transfer
When previous learning interferes with new learning.
Proactive transfer
When an old skill affects a new skill.
