4.5 Walking Development Sequence

Question 1

What are 5 key characteristics of mature gait?

Answer 1

1. Duration of single-limb stance
2. Walking velocity
3. Cadence
4. Step length
5. Ratio of pelvic span to step width

Question 2

By what age does gait typically resemble adult patterns?

Answer 2

By around 7 years old, though refinement continues afterward.

Question 3

What are characteristics of the Initial Stage of walking?

Answer 3

Frequent falls, difficulty maintaining posture, rigid halting leg action, short flat-footed steps, out-toeing, wide base of support, flexed knees at contact with quick extension.

Question 4

What are characteristics of the Elementary Stage of walking?

Answer 4

Smoother steps, increased step length, more heel-to-toe contact, arms lowered with little swing, narrower base of support, reduced out-toeing, some pelvic tilt, occasional vertical lift.

Question 5

What are characteristics of the Mature Stage of walking?

Answer 5

Reciprocal reflexive arm swing, narrow base of support, relaxed elongated gait, longer step length, minimal vertical lift, definite heel-to-toe contact.

Question 6

What are common gait deviations related to arm movement?

Answer 6

Inhibited or exaggerated arm swing, arms crossing midline, arms flopping or held out for balance.

Question 7

What are common gait deviations related to trunk control?

Answer 7

Forward trunk lean, excessive trunk twisting, lack of smooth rhythmic flow.

Question 8

What are common gait deviations related to foot placement?

Answer 8

Improper placement (in-toeing or out-toeing), uneven landings, flat-footed steps, foot/lower leg flipping inward or outward.