4.8 Other Mobility Skills

Question 1

What do norm-referenced scales provide in motor development?

Answer 1

Guidelines for typical ages of sitting, crawling, walking, while recognizing wide variability.

Question 2

How does motor development typically progress?

Answer 2

Not always linear; infants often find unique solutions such as scooting, rolling, or hybrid movements.

Question 3

What factor strongly influences earlier motor milestones?

Answer 3

Motivation—active, persistent infants reach milestones faster.

Question 4

When do infants typically roll from sidelying to supine?

Answer 4

Around 1–2 months.

Question 5

When do infants typically roll supine to sidelying and prone to supine?

Answer 5

Around 4–5 months.

Question 6

When do infants typically roll supine to prone?

Answer 6

Around 6–8 months.

Question 7

What is the difference between early and later rolling?

Answer 7

Early: log roll (whole body at once). Later (~9 months): segmental roll (sequential body rotation).

Question 8

What are the nine phases of prone progression?

Answer 8

1. LE flexion, flexed posture. 2. Spinal extension begins. 3. Thoracic extension, chest support. 4–5. Arm/leg propulsion. 6. Creeping position. 7. Disorganized forward movement. 8–9. Coordinated creeping with arms/legs.

Question 9

When does creeping typically occur?

Answer 9

Between 6–11 months, with variations such as belly crawling, inchworm, hands-knees, hands-feet, and scooting.

Question 10

What is the early supine-to-stand pattern?

Answer 10

Roll to prone → all fours → pull to stand (two-leg support, then half-kneel).

Question 11

When does the symmetrical sit-up pattern for supine-to-stand emerge?

Answer 11

By 4–5 years old, resembling the adult pattern.

Question 12

What is the early sit-to-stand pattern at 12–14 months?

Answer 12

Trunk and knees bent, low center of gravity for balance.

Question 13

How does sit-to-stand change between 12–18 months and 4–5 years?

Answer 13

Pattern improves but remains inefficient, often involving toe rise or stepping forward.

Question 14

By what age does sit-to-stand resemble adult efficiency?

Answer 14

By 9–10 years, though children still show more variability than adults.