Kinesiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(67 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What are the categories of body functions?

A
  • Neuromuscular and movement-related
  • Cardiovascular and respiratory
  • Muscular
  • Skeletal

These categories encompass different physiological systems and their roles in movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

The CNS is responsible for voluntary movement and integrates various body functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the typical features of Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs)?

A
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Hypotonia
  • Significant atrophy

LMNs are located in the peripheral nervous system and connect to muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What functions are associated with the Basal Ganglia?

A

Posture and equilibrium

The Basal Ganglia plays a crucial role in the coordination of movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates movements and timing

The cerebellum helps to fine-tune motor activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of muscle contractions?

A
  • Isometric
  • Isotonic

Isometric contractions involve tension without movement, while isotonic contractions involve movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define isotonic contraction types.

A
  • Concentric: Muscle shortens
  • Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under stress

Concentric contractions involve overcoming resistance, while eccentric contractions involve deceleration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the properties of muscles?

A
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
  • Irritability

These properties define how muscles function and respond to stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What factors affect muscle speed?

A
  • Diameter of axon
  • Thickness of myelin
  • Muscle fiber properties

Faster contractions typically fatigue more quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Blood cell formation
  • Mineral storage

The skeletal system provides a framework for the body and protects vital organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the types of joints in the skeletal system.

A
  • Synarthrodial: Immovable
  • Amphiarthrodial: Limited movement
  • Diarthrodial: Freely movable

Diarthrodial joints are the most common in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are accessory motions in joints?

A

Movements that accompany normal movement but are not performed voluntarily

These include roll, glide, and spin, which help achieve pain-free range of motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor neuron plus all fibers it innervates

Motor units are essential for muscle contraction and tone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What determines the strength of a muscle contraction?

A
  • Number of fibers recruited
  • Size of fibers
  • Size of axon

Larger values lead to stronger contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the determinants of movement in the skeletal system?

A
  • Planes and axes
  • Degrees of freedom
  • Type of joint

These factors influence how joints move and the range of motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Palms facing forward

This position serves as a reference for directional terminology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What movements occur in the frontal plane?

A
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Lateral flexion/bending

Movements in the frontal plane occur around the sagittal axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension

These movements occur around the frontal axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What movements occur in the horizontal (transverse) plane?

A

Rotation

Movements in this plane occur around the vertical axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent/exiting the brain; terminate on muscle fibers causing a contraction when activated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent or ascending; carry incoming info from receptors to the CNS and send it to the cortex for interpretation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic Nervous System; controls involuntary functions (automatic).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system; brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System; sensory & motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)
neurons that control lower motor neurons and muscles of the head & neck; oversee voluntary movement.
26
Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)
cell bodies in the spinal cord with nerve fibers extending to muscles & glands.
27
Spinal nerves
carry impulses to and from the spinal cord; 31 pairs.
28
Tract
axonal bundles of UMNs with common origin, function, and termination.
29
Where are spinal nerves located?
Anterior horn of the spinal cord — marks last CNS synapse and beginning of the PNS for spinal motor neurons.
30
Two types of lower motor neurons
alpha - produce movement; gamma - regulate muscle tone.
31
Lower motor neuron lesions
flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, hyporeflexia, hypotonia.
32
Upper motor neuron lesions
loss of voluntary control, increased muscle tone, spastic paralysis, little/no muscle atrophy, hyperactive/abnormal reflexes.
33
Basal ganglia - function
regulate posture, equilibrium, planning & initiation of movements.
34
Cerebellum - function
timing, intensity, refinement of smooth coordinated movements; uses sensory feedback to compare past performance with current ability/intent.
35
Brain stem - function
integration of CNS activity: regulates muscle tone, respiratory rhythm, and posture during movement.
36
Spinal cord - function
two way communication to/from brain; contains spinal reflex centers.
37
Damage to basal ganglia results in
dyskinesias/movement disorders, including chorea.
38
Damage to cerebellum can cause
errors in rate, range, direction, and force of movements - ataxia.
39
Injury to the brainstem can cause
varied outcomes by lesion site/extent; may include vertigo, facial paralysis, tremor.
40
Brachial plexus
C5-T1.
41
What does the ulnar nerve innervate?
medial forearm and 4th & 5th digits.
42
What does the radial nerve innervate?
posterior compartments of arm & forearm and hand.
43
Lumbar plexus
L1-L4.
44
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
anterior thigh.
45
Sacral plexus
L4-S3.
46
What does the sciatic nerve innervate?
posterior leg.
47
Cerebral (motor) cortex
concerned with voluntary movement.
48
Clonus
abnormal rhythmic reflex contractions; typically sign of an UMN lesion - often with hyperreflexia, spasticity, and muscle weakness.
49
Autonomic Nervous System
Part of the PNS; efferent/motor innervation controlling viscera; innervates smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands; supplies info from internal environment.
50
Central Nervous System
Includes the brain and spinal cord.
51
Motor Neuron
Also called efferent; relays info from CNS to structures that need to react or respond; carries info away from CNS.
52
Peripheral Nervous System
Links CNS with muscles and glands; provides sensory info to CNS; subdivided into autonomic and somatic divisions.
53
Ataxia
Incoordination; inability to execute coordinated voluntary movement; loss of smooth execution.
54
Sarcomere
The contractile unit in the muscle cell.
55
Fast Twitch Muscles (Type II)
Reach max potential very quickly; prone to fatigue quickly; good for bursts of force.
56
Synarthroidal Joint
Immovable joint, such as skull suture joints.
57
Stabilizers
Fixators; muscles around joints/body parts to stabilize against unwanted movement.
58
Agonist
Prime Mover; causes movement.
59
Viscera
Organs located within body cavities.
60
Somatic Division
Subdivision of PNS; sensory receptors and nerves related to external environment; links to CNS; efferent nerves return to skeletal muscles.
61
Flaccid Paralysis / Hypotonia
Decreased muscle tone, atrophy, and loss of function due to LMN lesion.
62
Primary Concern of Motor Cortex
Voluntary movement.
63
Clonus
Caused by hyperactive stretch reflex due to UMN lesion.
64
Hypertonia
Above average or extreme muscle tension.
65
Vestibular
Relating to vestibule of ear; small space/region at entrance of canal.
66
Edema
Accumulation of excessive watery fluid in cells, tissue, or cavities.
67
Chorea
Irregular, involuntary limb/facial movements; dance-like motions.
Kinesiology
flashcards
Decks in class (27)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions