Kinesiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

List 7 primary functions of the lower extremity (LE).

A

Enable upright posture; maintain equilibrium; maintain standing/sitting balance; support body weight; promote locomotion (gait); absorb shock during walking/running; assist push-off from ground.

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2
Q

Name 8 OT roles/interventions commonly addressed for LE function.

A

Transfer training; functional mobility training; standing & sitting balance; safety; use of adaptive equipment; transitional movements; ADLs; IADLs/other occupations.

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3
Q

Define gait, ambulation, and functional mobility.

A

Gait: manner of walking/moving on foot. Ambulation: moving from place to place by walking. Functional mobility: how a person walks while achieving a goal.

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4
Q

Why must OT consider trunk and LE in treatment?

A

They significantly influence overall function; collaborate with PT to reinforce intervention and avoid duplication.

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5
Q

What skeletal region is the pelvic girdle part of and why is it important?

A

The pelvic girdle is part of the pelvis; it is important for supporting the weight of the upper body and facilitating movement.

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6
Q

List the 6 motions of the pelvis and the reference landmarks.

A

Anterior tilt; posterior tilt; right/left lateral tilt; right/left forward/backward rotation. Reference: ASIS landmarks on each pelvic bone.

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7
Q

List the motions of the hip.

A

Flexion; extension/hyperextension; abduction; adduction; external rotation; internal rotation.

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8
Q

List the motions of the knee.

A

Flexion; extension.

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9
Q

List the motions of the ankle.

A

Dorsiflexion; plantarflexion; inversion; eversion.

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10
Q

According to the OTPF-4, how are gait and mobility framed in OT practice?

A

They are related to engagement in daily life activities; observational gait analysis supports distance tracking, identifying gait characteristics, ensuring safety, preventing injury, reinforcing carryover, and facilitating progress toward OT goals.

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11
Q

Name the two major phases of the gait cycle and their proportions.

A

Stance phase (~60%) and swing phase (~40%).

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12
Q

List the 5 stance-phase subphases in traditional terminology.

A

Initial contact (heel strike); loading response (foot flat); midstance; terminal stance (heel off); preswing (toe off).

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13
Q

List the 3 swing-phase subphases in traditional terminology.

A

Initial swing (acceleration); midswing; terminal swing (deceleration).

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14
Q

Define single support vs. double support in gait.

A

Single support: only one leg in contact with ground. Double support: both legs in contact during ambulation.

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15
Q

Define foot drop and list common causes.

A

Inability/difficulty creating ankle dorsiflexion. Often due to CNS/PNS damage; also muscle damage, anatomical deviations, diabetes mellitus, tumors, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, adverse reactions to drugs/alcohol.

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16
Q

How does foot drop alter gait mechanics?

A

Prevents typical heel strike at initial contact; impairs toe clearance during swing, risking trips and compensations.

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17
Q

Normal hip flexion ROM and goniometer landmark?

A

0-100°; lateral aspect of the greater trochanter.

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18
Q

Normal hip extension ROM and landmark?

A

0-30°; greater trochanter.

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19
Q

Normal hip abduction ROM and landmark?

A

0-40°; over ASIS.

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20
Q

Normal hip adduction ROM and landmark?

A

Return to 0° from abduction; over ASIS.

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21
Q

Normal hip internal rotation ROM and landmark?

A

0-40°; over midpoint of the patella.

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22
Q

Normal hip external rotation ROM and landmark?

A

0-50°; over midpoint of the patella.

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23
Q

Normal knee flexion ROM and landmark?

A

0-150°; over the lateral epicondyle of the femur.

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24
Q

Knee extension ROM description and landmark?

A

Return to 0° (from flexion); same landmark as flexion (lateral epicondyle of femur).

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25
Normal ankle plantarflexion ROM and landmark?
0-40°; lateral malleolus.
26
Normal ankle dorsiflexion ROM and landmark?
0-20°; lateral malleolus (same as plantarflexion).
27
Normal ankle eversion ROM and landmark?
0-20°; over anterior ankle midway between malleoli.
28
Normal ankle inversion ROM and landmark?
0-30°; over anterior ankle midway between malleoli.
29
Which LE functions specifically assist in push-off during gait?
Shock absorption and plantarflexor activation assist pushing up off the ground.
30
Give two OT goals supported by visual gait observation.
Ensure safety and prevent injury; facilitate progress toward OT goals by reinforcing PT carryover.
31
Name two reasons OT collaborates with PT for LE-focused clients.
Reinforce PT interventions; avoid duplication while addressing occupation-based goals.
32
Quick define: equilibrium vs. balance (standing/sitting).
Equilibrium: overall bodily state of balance. Standing sitting balance: ability to maintain posture in those positions to perform tasks.
33
Which pelvis landmarks are used to reference pelvic motions in OT gait analysis?
Anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS).
34
Primary purpose of the LEs
Enable upright posture for standing/ambulation, increasing a person’s ability to engage in the environment.
35
LE roles besides ambulation
Balance, equilibrium, weight support, shock absorption, propulsion during gait; support UE function during reaching/ADLs.
36
Gait vs. Ambulation
Gait: manner or pattern of walking. Ambulation: ability to walk from place to place (often interchanged).
37
Functional mobility (definition)
Ability to move between positions and locations (e.g., bed, chair, toilet, standing) to perform functional activities.
38
ADL Scale: Independence
Client completes 100% of task by self.
39
ADL Scale: Modified independence
Client completes task independently with adaptations or devices.
40
ADL Scale: Supervision
Needs someone present for safety (may include standby/standing next to client).
41
ADL Scale: Minimum assistance
Needs <20% assistance (CGA may fall here).
42
ADL Scale: Moderate assistance
Needs 20–50% assistance.
43
ADL Scale: Maximum assistance
Needs 50–80% assistance.
44
ADL Scale: Dependent
Needs 80–100% assistance.
45
Dynamic balance (definition)
Balance with movement occurring (e.g., sitting or standing with motion); maintaining control while moving in relation to gravity.
46
Static balance (definition)
Balance where no movement occurs; holding a controlled position in sitting or standing in relation to gravity.
47
Transitional movements (definition)
Change of posture/position (e.g., sit-to-stand, bed mobility).
48
Pelvic girdle significance
Influences posture, establishes BOS, stabilizes the spine, and allows LE mobility for gait and functional movements.
49
Pelvic motion: left lateral tilt
Left iliac crest drops relative to right; occurs during gait.
50
Pelvic motion: right lateral tilt
Right iliac crest drops relative to left; occurs during gait.
51
Pelvic motion: anterior tilt
ASIS moves inferior/anterior; increases lumbar lordosis.
52
Pelvic motion: posterior tilt
ASIS moves superior/posterior; decreases lumbar lordosis.
53
Pelvic motion: rotation (transverse plane)
Right forward rotation or left forward rotation during gait with opposite arm swing.
54
Pelvic motion landmarks for measurement
ASIS (anterior superior iliac spines) on each hemipelvis.
55
Hip: degrees of freedom
3 (flex/extend, ab-/ad-duction, internal/external rotation).
56
Hip motions list
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation.
57
Primary knee motions
Flexion and extension (with small rotation at flexion).
58
Ankle motions (text)
Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion.
59
Inversion vs. Eversion
Inversion: sole turns medially; Eversion: sole turns laterally.
60
ROM landmark for hip flexion
Lateral aspect of greater trochanter.
61
ROM landmark for hip extension
Lateral aspect of greater trochanter.
62
ROM landmark for hip abduction/adduction
Over ASIS for abduction; adduction is the return to 0°.
63
ROM landmark for hip IR/ER
Over midpoint of patella.
64
ROM landmark for knee flexion/extension
Over lateral epicondyle of femur.
65
ROM landmark for ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
Lateral aspect of lateral malleolus.
66
ROM landmark for ankle inversion/eversion
Over anterior aspect of ankle midway between malleoli.
67
Gait cycle definition
Events from initial contact of one heel to the next initial contact of the same heel.
68
Gait cycle phases ratio
Stance ~60% (foot on ground), Swing ~40% (foot off ground).
69
Rancho Los Amigos – Stance phases (5)
Initial contact (heel strike), Loading response (foot flat), Midstance, Terminal stance (heel off), Preswing (toe off).
70
Rancho Los Amigos – Swing phases (3)
Initial swing (acceleration), Midswing, Terminal swing (deceleration).
71
Single vs. Double support
Single: one foot on ground. Double: both feet on ground (occurs twice each gait cycle).
72
Step width (definition)
ML distance between feet during gait; typically 2–4 inches (wider with balance impairments).
73
Line of progression excursion
Normal vertical COG displacement ≈2 inches; minimizing excursion improves efficiency.
74
Functional ambulation (definition)
Walking that enables performance of functional tasks (e.g., household/community distances).
75
Foot drop definition
Difficulty/inability to dorsiflex the ankle due to CNS or peripheral causes (e.g., peroneal nerve).
76
Common nerve involved in foot drop
Deep peroneal (innervates tibialis anterior).
77
When is foot drop most problematic?
Swing phase—toe clearance; may cause circumduction or hip hiking.
78
Gait deviations with foot drop
Circumduction/hiking on affected side; forefoot initial contact; increased fall risk.
79
AFO purpose for foot drop
Maintain ankle position for toe clearance; improve safety and functional mobility.
80
OT role with AFO
Don/doff training and correct use during ADLs including lower-body dressing.
81
Hemiplegic gait characteristics
↓ hip extension terminal stance; ↓ hip/knee flexion in stance; knee hyperextension; altered plantar-/dorsiflexion timing; trunk/UE synergy; circumduction.
82
Hip joint type & tradeoff
Ball-and-socket; sacrifices ROM for stability compared with shoulder.
83
Iliofemoral ligament function
Resists posterior loss of balance; limits hyperextension.
84
Pubofemoral ligament function
Limits hyperextension and abduction.
85
Ischiofemoral ligament function
Limits hyperextension and medial rotation.
86
Ligamentum teres function
Stabilizes femoral head in acetabulum and may supply blood to femoral head.
87
Patellofemoral joint purpose
Patella increases quadriceps mechanical advantage.
88
Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Provides medial knee stability.
89
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Provides lateral knee stability.
90
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Prevents anterior tibial translation; often injured with twisting.
91
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Prevents posterior tibial translation.
92
Transverse ligament of knee
Connects anterior horns of menisci.
93
Patellar ligament
Continuation of quadriceps tendon to tibial tuberosity; aids leverage.
94
Talocrural (true ankle) joint
Mortise between tibia/fibula and talus; motions: plantarflexion & dorsiflexion.
95
Subtalar joint
Talus–calcaneus; inversion/eversion with transverse tarsal joint.
96
Transverse tarsal joint
Talonavicular + calcaneocuboid; helps accommodate uneven ground.
97
Deltoid ligament (medial ankle)
Supports medial arch; resists eversion.
98
Lateral ankle ligaments
ATF (most often sprained), CF, PTF—stabilize lateral ankle.
99
OTA role during standardized assessment
Report scores and client progress; do not independently interpret or select instruments without OT direction.
100
OTA collaboration examples
Educate safe walker use for toileting transfers; monitor static/dynamic balance; adapt ADLs; teach transfer sequences.
101
Prime ankle dorsiflexor
Tibialis anterior (deep peroneal nerve).
102
Prime ankle plantarflexors
Gastrocnemius & soleus (tibial nerve).
103
Prime ankle evertors
Peroneus longus & brevis (superficial peroneal).
104
Prime ankle invertors
Tibialis posterior + long toe flexors (tibial).
105
Prime knee extensors
Quadriceps group (femoral).
106
Prime knee flexors
Hamstrings (sciatic/common peroneal for short head).
107
Prime hip abductors
Gluteus medius/minimus, TFL (superior gluteal).
108
Prime hip extensors
Gluteus maximus & hamstrings.
109
Prime hip adductors
Adductors longus/brevis/magnus & gracilis (obturator).
110
Hip flexors
Iliopsoas & rectus femoris.
Kinesiology
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