Kinesiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the body functions of the trunk and neck?

A

Motions of the trunk and neck, motions of the pelvic girdle, observation of posture of the trunk and pelvic girdle

Key functions include structural support and balance.

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2
Q

List the motions of the trunk and neck.

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
  • Lateral flexion
  • Rotation

No rotation occurs at C1.

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3
Q

What motions are involved in the pelvic girdle?

A
  • Anterior pelvic tilting
  • Posterior pelvic tilting
  • Lateral pelvic tilting
  • Forward pelvic rotation
  • Backward pelvic rotation

These motions are integral to trunk movements.

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4
Q

What are the normal vertebral curves?

A
  • Cervical - concave
  • Thoracic - convex
  • Lumbar - concave
  • Sacral - convex
  • Coccygeal - convex but immovable

Observed from posterior and lateral views.

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5
Q

What is the significance of the pelvic girdle in trunk motions?

A

It is integral to trunk motions, with the lumbosacral joint being the most important connection between pelvis and vertebral column.

Every pelvic motion involves the vertebral column.

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6
Q

What is the definition of static balance?

A

Maintenance of stationary position.

Static balance is crucial for activities like standing or sitting without falling.

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7
Q

What is dynamic balance?

A

Maintenance of balance during movement.

Dynamic balance is essential for activities such as walking or running.

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8
Q

What are common orthopedic abnormalities associated with the trunk and neck?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Increased lumbar lordosis
  • Increased thoracic kyphosis
  • Increased cervical lordosis

Scoliosis involves lateral curvature of vertebrae; lordosis refers to excessive inward curvature.

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9
Q

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A

33 vertebrae

The vertebral column consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae C1 and C2?

A

C1 (atlas) supports the cranium and allows flexion/extension; C2 (axis) is the pivot point for rotation.

C1 does not have a body.

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11
Q

What is the role of intervertebral disks?

A

They absorb shock and allow flexibility between vertebrae.

Composed of annulus (outer) and nucleus pulposus (inner).

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12
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive curve in the thoracic spine, often presenting as a posterior ‘hump’.

It can lead to postural issues.

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13
Q

What is the significance of the center of gravity in balance?

A

It is the line that falls just anterior to the S2 vertebra.

Understanding the center of gravity is crucial for maintaining balance.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for connecting the pelvis to the vertebral column.

A

lumbosacral joint

This joint is crucial for trunk motion.

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15
Q

What is the definition of postural control?

A

The ability to maintain the body in an upright position against gravity.

It involves a complex interaction of various systems.

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16
Q

What is lumbar lordosis?

A

Exacerbated curvature of the lumbar spine, often due to excessive anterior pelvic tilt.

This condition can lead to discomfort and postural issues.

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17
Q

What are the five parts of the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal

Each region has distinct characteristics and functions.

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18
Q

True or False: The thoracic spine is the most stable aspect of the spine.

A

True

It limits movement to protect internal organs.

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19
Q

What are the five fused vertebrae in the sacral spine called?

A

S1-S5

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20
Q

What is the shape of the sacral spine?

A

Triangular shape

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21
Q

The coccygeal spine is also known as the _______.

A

tailbone

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22
Q

How many rudimentary vertebrae are in the coccygeal spine?

A

Four

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23
Q

What is unique about movement in the coccygeal spine?

A

No movement occurs here

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24
Q

What are the components of the rib cage?

A
  • Sternum
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 12 pairs of ribs
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25
How many pairs of ribs are considered true ribs?
Seven pairs
26
What type of ribs attach to the sternum via cartilage?
False ribs
27
What are the remaining two pairs of ribs called that do not articulate anteriorly?
Floating ribs
28
What muscles aid in respiration and are located between each rib?
Intercostal muscles
29
What provides bony, stable protection for the heart and lungs?
Rib cage along with thoracic vertebrae
30
What are the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle?
* Sacrum * Two iliac bones
31
What are the three joints of the pelvic girdle?
* Symphysis pubis * Two sacroiliac joints
32
The anterior union of the pelvic girdle is called _______.
symphysis pubis
33
What type of joint is the posterior union of the pelvic girdle?
Sacroiliac joints
34
What type of joint is the symphysis pubis?
Cartilaginous joint
35
What type of joint are the sacroiliac joints classified as?
Synovial and syndesmosis
36
What supports the weight of the body in a seated position?
Ischial tuberosities
37
What is crucial for optimal function in clients who use wheelchairs?
Adequate support and cushioning at ischial tuberosities
38
What are the two types of ligaments mentioned?
* Intrasegmental * Intersegmental
39
What do intrasegmental ligaments do?
Hold vertebrae together
40
Name one intrasegmental ligament.
Ligamentum flavum
41
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Limits hyperextension
42
The posterior longitudinal ligament limits _______.
flexion
43
What is the main action of the quadratus lumborum muscle?
Pelvic elevation
44
Muscles of the anterior trunk include _______.
* Rectus abdominus * External oblique * Internal oblique * Transverse abdominus
45
What does the rectus abdominus muscle aid in?
Flexion of trunk and aids in respiration
46
Which muscle is the largest neck flexor when contracted bilaterally?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
47
What do the scalene muscles perform?
Similar actions as the sternocleidomastoid
48
What is the primary action of the splenius capitis muscle?
Extends head on cervical spine
49
What can cause contractures in the trunk and neck muscles?
Lack of movement due to muscular imbalance
50
The erector spinae muscles include which groups?
* Lateral iliocostalis muscles * Middle longissimus muscles * Most medial spinalis muscles
51
What do the intertransversarii muscles connect?
Individual transverse processes
52
What is the role of the transverse abdominus muscle?
Compresses abdomen
53
What is the role of the psoas and iliacus muscles?
They stabilize the spine, particularly in a seated position.
54
What is the function of the spinal column?
It maintains the body's longitudinal axis and provides stability and mobility.
55
What is the significance of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
It limits hyperextension of the vertebral column.
56
What is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
It limits flexion of the vertebral column.
57
What is the primary action of the internal oblique muscle?
It compresses the abdomen and aids in exhalation.
58
What are the three joints of the pelvic girdle?
Symphysis pubis and two sacroiliac joints.
59
What is pelvic obliquity?
A condition where one side of the hip is higher than the other, often associated with scoliosis.
60
What is the function of the splenius capitis muscle?
It extends the head on the cervical spine.
61
What is the significance of the pelvic girdle's ischial tuberosities?
They support the weight of the body in a seated position and are vulnerable to pressure ulcers.
62
What are the two types of ligaments in the spine?
Intrasegmental ligaments hold vertebrae together, while intersegmental ligaments prevent excessive motion.
63
What is the role of the transverse abdominus muscle?
It compresses the abdomen and stabilizes the pelvis and trunk.
64
What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae C1 and C2?
C1 (atlas) supports the cranium and allows flexion/extension; C2 (axis) is the pivot point for rotation.
65
What is the function of the quadratus lumborum muscle?
It elevates the pelvis and helps balance postural distortions.
66
What muscles are involved in neck flexion?
The sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles.
67
What is the center of gravity in relation to the trunk?
The center of gravity is the line that falls just anterior to the S2 vertebra.
68
What are the components of static balance?
The ability to maintain a stationary position without falling.
69
What is dynamic balance?
The ability to maintain balance during movement.
70
What is the function of the sacral spine?
It consists of five fused vertebrae, providing stability and connecting the spine to the pelvis.
71
What is the role of the pelvic tilt in posture?
Pelvic tilt influences spinal alignment and can affect the center of gravity and overall balance.
72
What is the importance of observing postural control?
It involves assessing the interaction of cognitive, neuromuscular, and biomechanical systems for balance.
73
What is the purpose of the nuchal ligament?
It limits flexion in the posterior cervical region.
74
What is the role of the lumbar spine?
It supports the weight of the body and allows for limited flexion and extension.
75
What are the characteristics of the thoracic spine?
It consists of 12 vertebrae (T1-T12) and is the most stable part of the spine, protecting internal organs.
76
What is the significance of pelvic positioning?
It dictates seated posture and affects functional independence, especially in clients using wheelchairs.
77
What is the role of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
While primarily a mover of the upper extremity, it also affects sitting posture and can influence trunk stability.
78
What is the role of the quadratus lumborum muscle?
It elevates the pelvis and balances postural distortions by realigning the pelvis.
79
What are the common problems associated with the trunk and neck?
Orthopedic abnormalities such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and increased lumbar lordosis.
80
What is the function of the intercostal muscles?
They aid in respiration by facilitating the expansion and contraction of the rib cage.
81
What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from cervical and thoracic vertebrae?
Largest size; large, oval body; no foramen and no articulation; thick, points posterior; faces posterior; deeper inferior notches.
82
How do the shapes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae differ?
Cervical vertebrae are small and oval, while lumbar vertebrae are large and oval.
83
What role does the iliotibial band play in hip movement?
It is involved in both hip internal and external rotation.
84
What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?
Small, oval body; foramen for vertebral artery; short and stout; faces medially; equal in size.
85
Describe the features of thoracic vertebrae.
Intermediate size; heart-shaped body with facets for rib articulation; smallest; long, thick, points posterior and laterally; faces posterior and laterally; deeper inferior notches.
86
Where do the hip adductors originate?
From the pubis and attach to the medial and posterior surface of the femur.
87
What is the insertion point of the Rectus femoris muscle?
Patella and tibial tuberosity.
88
What is the function of the iliopsoas muscle?
It is involved in hip flexion and originates from the transverse process of lumbar vertebrae and lesser trochanter of the femur.
89
Which muscles are classified as spinal extensors?
Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles.
90
What anatomical structures are associated with the Anterior Pelvic Tilt?
The sacrum and vertebrae, which run parallel to the vertebral column.
91
What is the insertion point for the hip abductors?
Greater trochanter of the femur.
92
What is the origin of the hip adductors?
Pubis.
93
Where do the hip adductors insert?
Medial and posterior surface of the femur.
94
What is the origin of the Rectus abdominis muscle?
Pubis, costal cartilage of ribs 5 to 7, and xiphoid process of the sternum.
95
Where do the hip extensors originate?
Ilium and sacrum.
96
What are the insertion points for the hip extensors?
Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial band.
97
Which muscles are responsible for hip abduction?
Gluteus medius and minimus.
98
Where do the hip abductors originate?
Gluteal surface of ilium.
99
What is the structure of the sacral region?
Sacral: Fused with the coccyx, 5 segments, convex, fixed.
100
What is the coccyx's relationship to the sacral region?
The coccyx is fused with the sacral region.
101
What is the primary hip extensor muscle?
Gluteus maximus.
102
What is the curvature and flexibility of the cervical region?
Cervical 7: Concave, movable/flexible.
103
What is the curvature and flexibility of the thoracic region?
Thoracic 12: Convex, movable/flexible.
104
What is the curvature and flexibility of the lumbar region?
Lumbar 5: Concave, movable/flexible.
105
How is forward pelvic rotation characterized?
The ASIS moves forward relative to the contralateral side.
106
What happens during backward pelvic rotation?
The ASIS moves backward relative to the contralateral side.
107
What defines lateral pelvic tilt?
The iliac crest moves superior or inferior compared to the contralateral side.
108
What is the medullary cavity?
The central cavity within the diaphysis of long bones that contains bone marrow.
109
What occurs during anterior pelvic tilt?
The ASIS moves anterior relative to the pubic symphysis and inferior relative to the PSIS.
110
What is the movement of the ASIS during posterior pelvic tilt?
The ASIS moves posterior relative to the pubic symphysis and superior relative to the PSIS.
111
What is cancellous bone?
A type of bone tissue that is porous and found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others, providing structural support and flexibility.
112
What does weight-bearing refer to?
Referring to the ability of a structure to support the weight of the body or other loads without collapsing.
113
What is the transverse process?
The union of the lamina and pedicle where ligaments and muscle attach to the spine.
114
Vertebral foramen
The opening formed by the joining of the neural arch and vertebral body that contains the spinal cord.
115
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone, primarily composed of compact bone.
116
Pedicle
The portion of the vertebral arch that lies posterior to the body and anterior to the lamina.
117
Spinous process
The posterior projection found on the neural arch; an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.
118
Vertebrae prominens
The seventh cervical vertebra, which has an unusually long spinous process that can be easily palpated.
119
Foramen
An opening.
120
Intervertebral foramen
The opening formed by the inferior and superior vertebral notches that allows passage.
121
Lamina
Portion of the vertebrae that connects the spinous process to the transverse process.
122
Neural arch
The posterior portion of the vertebrae.
123
C1
Does not have a body.
124
Facet
A small, flat, smooth surface on a bone; refers to the articulation of the thoracic vertebrae and the rib bone.
125
Facet joint
The articulation between the superior articular process of the vertebrae below and the corresponding inferior articular process of the vertebrae above.
126
What does the sagittal or median plane divide?
Divides the left and right sides of the entire body.
127
What does the frontal or coronal plane divide?
Divides the front and back halves of the entire body.
128
What does the horizontal or transverse plane divide?
Divides the body at the waist (top and bottom halves of the body).
129
What is kyphosis?
Convex curve of the thoracic spine.
130
What is lordosis?
Lumbar curve in the lower back that is concave when viewed laterally.
131
What do the intra-segmental ligaments include?
The ligamentum flavum, interspinous, and intertransverse ligaments.
132
What is the linea alba?
The center point of the rectus abdominis on the front aspect of the trunk.
133
What is the Valsalva maneuver?
Compression of the abdomen that facilitates activities such as defecation, coughing, childbirth, lifting, vomiting, and sneezing.
134
What is the pedicle?
The portion of the vertebral arch that lies posterior to the body and anterior to the lamina.
135
What happens during backward pelvic rotation?
The ASIS moves backward relative to the contralateral side.
Kinesiology
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