Midterm Review

Question 1

What is the difference between linear and rotary motion?

Answer 1

Linear motion involves movement along a straight path, while rotary motion involves movement around a central axis.

Question 2

How does gravity affect linear and rotary motion?

Answer 2

Gravity influences both types of motion by exerting a downward force that affects the trajectory and stability of moving objects.

Question 3

What is a force couple?

Answer 3

A force couple is two equal and opposite forces that produce rotation without translation.

Question 4

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 4

Sensory neurons are nerve cells that transmit sensory information to the central nervous system.

Question 5

How do sensory neurons work?

Answer 5

They detect stimuli and convert them into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing.

Question 6

What is scapular rotation?

Answer 6

Scapular rotation is the movement of the scapula around the thorax, which includes upward and downward rotation.

Question 7

What movements occur during scapular rotation?

Answer 7

Movements include elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction.

Question 8

What are the reference points for scapular rotation?

Answer 8

The acromion process and the inferior angle of the scapula serve as reference points.

Question 9

List the types of forces.

Answer 9

• Compressive
• Tensile
• Elastic
• Shear

Question 10

What does COG stand for?

Answer 10

Center of Gravity

Question 11

What does BOS stand for?

Answer 11

Base of Support

Question 12

What is the axis of rotation?

Answer 12

The axis of rotation is an imaginary line around which movement occurs.

Question 13

What are the planes of movement?

Answer 13

The planes of movement are sagittal, frontal, and transverse.

Question 14

What is a force arm?

Answer 14

The force arm is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation.

Question 15

What is a resistance arm?

Answer 15

The resistance arm is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the resistance to the axis of rotation.

Question 16

Define leverage.

Answer 16

Leverage is the mechanical advantage gained by using a lever.

Question 17

What is torque?

Answer 17

Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force, calculated as the product of force and the distance from the axis of rotation.

Question 18

What can cause decubiti ulcers?

Answer 18

Decubiti ulcers can be caused by prolonged pressure on the skin, leading to reduced blood flow.

Question 19

What are goniometric landmarks?

Answer 19

Goniometric landmarks are anatomical points used to measure joint angles.

Question 20

What are prime movers?

Answer 20

Prime movers are the muscles primarily responsible for a specific movement.

Question 21

What are the curves of the spine?

Answer 21

• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral

Question 22

What is the function of the cervical spine?

Answer 22

The cervical spine supports the head and allows for a range of motion.

Question 23

What is the function of the thoracic spine?

Answer 23

The thoracic spine provides stability and protection for the thoracic organs.

Question 24

What is the function of the lumbar spine?

Answer 24

The lumbar spine bears the majority of the body’s weight and allows for flexibility.

Question 25

What is the function of the sacral spine?

Answer 25

The sacral spine connects the spine to the pelvis and supports the weight of the upper body.

Question 26

What are the percentages of movement during the gait cycle?

Answer 26

The gait cycle consists of 60% stance phase and 40% swing phase.

Question 27

What muscles comprise the Rotator Cuff?

Answer 27

* Supraspinatus * Infraspinatus * Teres Minor * Subscapularis

Question 28

What are major conditions of the shoulder?

Answer 28

* Rotator cuff tear * Shoulder impingement * Frozen shoulder

Question 29

What are precautions for MMT?

Answer 29

Precautions include understanding the patient's condition and avoiding positions that may cause pain.

Question 30

What are contraindications for goniometry?

Answer 30

Contraindications include recent fractures, dislocations, or surgical procedures.

Question 31

What are the stages of the gait cycle?

Answer 31

* Initial contact * Loading response * Midstance * Terminal stance * Pre-swing * Initial swing * Mid-swing * Terminal swing

Question 32

What is scapulohumeral rhythm?

Answer 32

Scapulohumeral rhythm is the coordinated movement of the scapula and humerus during arm elevation.

Question 33

Why is scapulohumeral rhythm important?

Answer 33

It is important for optimal shoulder function and range of motion.

Question 34

What is foot drop?

Answer 34

Foot drop is a condition characterized by the inability to raise the front part of the foot.

Question 35

What should be reviewed regarding cervical anatomy?

Answer 35

Cervical anatomy includes the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and surrounding soft tissues.

Question 36

Does the pelvic girdle move during gait?

Answer 36

Yes, the pelvic girdle moves to maintain balance and support during gait.

Question 37

What is a prolapsed disc?

Answer 37

A prolapsed disc occurs when the inner gel-like core of an intervertebral disc bulges out.

Question 38

What is the anatomy of a prolapsed disc?

Answer 38

It typically involves the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of the disc.

Question 39

What are the major functions of the scalenes?

Answer 39

The scalenes assist in neck flexion, lateral flexion, and elevation of the first two ribs.

Question 40

What are the major functions of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 40

The sternocleidomastoid aids in head rotation and flexion.

Question 41

What are the major functions of the erector spinae?

Answer 41

The erector spinae extends and laterally flexes the spine.

Question 42

What are the major functions of prevertebral muscles?

Answer 42

Prevertebral muscles assist in flexion and stabilization of the neck.

Question 43

What is the typical distance between feet during ambulation?

Answer 43

The typical distance is about 2 to 4 inches.

Question 44

What are uniaxial joints?

Answer 44

Uniaxial joints allow movement in one plane, examples include the hinge joint and pivot joint.

Question 45

What are biaxial joints?

Answer 45

Biaxial joints allow movement in two planes, examples include the saddle joint and condyloid joint.

Question 46

What are triaxial joints?

Answer 46

Triaxial joints allow movement in three planes, an example is the ball-and-socket joint.

Question 47

What are multiaxial joints?

Answer 47

Multiaxial joints allow movement in multiple axes, an example is the shoulder joint.

Question 48

What is 'locus of control' theory?

Answer 48

'Locus of control' theory refers to the degree to which individuals believe they have control over the outcomes of events in their lives.

Question 49

Why is 'locus of control' theory important?

Answer 49

It is important as it influences motivation, behavior, and mental health.

Question 50

What is Newton's Law of Inertia?

Answer 50

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Question 51

What is the difference between closed pack and open pack positions?

Answer 51

Closed pack position is when joint surfaces are maximally congruent and under compression, while open pack position is when joint surfaces are less congruent and not under maximum compression.

Question 52

What is muscle insufficiency?

Answer 52

A condition where a muscle cannot generate enough force to produce movement due to its length-tension relationship.

Question 53

What does CNS stand for?

Answer 53

Central Nervous System

Question 54

What does PNS stand for?

Answer 54

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 55

Define agonist.

Answer 55

A muscle that contracts to produce a specific movement.

Question 56

Define antagonist.

Answer 56

A muscle that opposes the action of an agonist.

Question 57

What is subluxation?

Answer 57

A partial dislocation of a joint.

Question 58

What motion does the sternocleidomastoid perform?

Answer 58

Flexion and rotation of the head.

Question 59

What are the types of muscle contractions?

Answer 59

* Isometric * Isotonic * Concentric * Eccentric

Question 60

What are the three types of muscles?

Answer 60

* Skeletal * Cardiac * Smooth

Question 61

What is passive insufficiency?

Answer 61

The inability of a muscle to lengthen enough to allow full range of motion of a joint.

Question 62

What are first, second, and third class levers?

Answer 62

* First class lever: Fulcrum in the middle * Second class lever: Load in the middle * Third class lever: Effort in the middle

Question 63

What are end feels?

Answer 63

The quality of the resistance felt at the end of a range of motion.

Question 64

What joints have what type of end feel?

Answer 64

Common end feels include:* Hard (bone on bone) * Soft (soft tissue approximation) * Firm (capsular or ligamentous)

Question 65

What type of lever is the most common in the human body?

Answer 65

Third class lever

Question 66

What are MMT grades?

Answer 66

Manual Muscle Testing grades used to assess muscle strength.

Question 67

What is the normal ROM for joints?

Answer 67

Refer to the book for specific values.

Question 68

Who are the prime movers for each joint?

Answer 68

Refer to the book for specific details.