Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

What is an impairment?

Answer 1

A problem at the body-part level (ICF).

Question 2

What is an activity limitation?

Answer 2

Difficulty performing a task at the individual level.

Question 3

What is a participation restriction?

Answer 3

Difficulty participating in life roles at the societal level.

Question 4

What is a disability?

Answer 4

Combination of impairment + activity limitation + participation restriction.

Question 5

What is Universal Design and who is it for?

Answer 5

Designing environments for maximum accessibility and participation for all people, regardless of ability.

Question 6

What is the Biomechanical Model?

Answer 6

OT model using kinesiology + medical model to address physical disabilities.

Question 7

What is the Biopsychosocial Model?

Answer 7

Considers biological, psychological, and social factors in functioning.

Question 8

Which model best fits OTPF-4 and why?

Answer 8

Biopsychosocial model — OTPF considers context, environment, occupation, skills, patterns, and client factors.

Question 9

What is internal locus of control?

Answer 9

Belief you influence your own outcomes; increases motivation and engagement in therapy.

Question 10

Difference between kinesiology and biomechanics?

Answer 10

Kinesiology = movement; Biomechanics = forces acting on movement.

Question 11

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 11

Afferent/ascending neurons carrying sensory info to the CNS.

Question 12

What does smooth muscle control and what system controls it?

Answer 12

Vital organ function; controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 13

What is isometric contraction?

Answer 13

Muscle creates tension without movement.

Question 14

What is concentric contraction?

Answer 14

Muscle shortens.

Question 15

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 15

Muscle lengthens under load.

Question 16

Properties of muscle: contractility, extensibility, elasticity, irritability?

Answer 16

Shorten; stretch; return to length; respond to stimulus.

Question 17

Joint types: synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, diarthrodial?

Answer 17

Immovable; slightly movable; freely movable synovial.

Question 18

What are accessory motions?

Answer 18

Roll, glide, spin.

Question 19

What are planes and axes?

Answer 19

Sagittal plane = frontal axis; Frontal = sagittal axis; Transverse = vertical axis.

Question 20

What are degrees of freedom?

Answer 20

Number of planes a joint can move through.

Question 21

What is loose-pack position?

Answer 21

Minimal joint contact, least stable.

Question 22

What is close-pack position?

Answer 22

Max joint contact, most stable.

Question 23

Does COG stay the same when sitting vs standing?

Answer 23

No — COG changes with body position.

Question 24

What is friction?

Answer 24

Force opposite desired movement.

Question 25

What are the three fluid forces?

Answer 25

Buoyancy, drag, lift.

Question 26

Newton’s laws?

Answer 26

Inertia, acceleration, action-reaction.

Question 27

What is a force couple?

Answer 27

Two or more muscles acting in opposite directions to produce rotation.

Question 28

Open vs closed chain movement?

Answer 28

Open = distal free; Closed = distal fixed.

Question 29

What are the three movement categories (abnormal → typical)?

Answer 29

Abnormal atypical → normal atypical → normal typical → enhanced typical.

Question 30

What is an end feel?

Answer 30

Quality of resistance at end of PROM (soft, firm, hard, abnormal).

Question 31

What are MMT grades 0–5?

Answer 31

0 none, 1 trace, 2 poor, 3 fair, 4 good, 5 normal.

Question 32

What is motor learning?

Answer 32

Short-term changes in movement from practice.

Question 33

What is motor development?

Answer 33

Lifespan progression of movement abilities.

Question 34

What is motor control?

Answer 34

Ability to produce purposeful movement moment-to-moment.

Question 35

What is anterior pelvic tilt?

Answer 35

Pelvis dips forward; increases lumbar lordosis.

Question 36

What is posterior pelvic tilt?

Answer 36

Pelvis tucks under; reduces lumbar lordosis.

Question 37

What is lateral pelvic tilt?

Answer 37

One side of pelvis higher than the other.

Question 38

What is pelvic rotation?

Answer 38

One side of pelvis rotates forward.

Question 39

Why does pelvic position matter?

Answer 39

Determines posture, balance, spinal curves, and UE function.

Question 40

What motion is key for bed mobility?

Answer 40

Trunk rotation.

Question 41

Which ribs are floating and how do they attach?

Answer 41

Ribs 11–12; attach only posteriorly to vertebrae.

Question 42

What are normal spinal curves?

Answer 42

Cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis.

Question 43

Motions of the hip?

Answer 43

Flex, ext, abd, add, IR, ER.

Question 44

Motions of the knee?

Answer 44

Flex, ext.

Question 45

Motions of the ankle?

Answer 45

DF, PF, inversion, eversion.

Question 46

What ROM is needed for ADLs (wrist)?

Answer 46

40° flex, 40° ext, 40° combined deviation.

Question 47

What is foot drop?

Answer 47

Inability to dorsiflex; caused by CNS/PNS issues, diabetes, MS, etc.

Question 48

What is the stance phase of gait?

Answer 48

60% of gait: heel strike → foot flat → midstance → heel off → toe off.

Question 49

What is the swing phase of gait?

Answer 49

40% of gait: acceleration → midswing → deceleration.

Question 50

What is the carrying angle?

Answer 50

Women 10–15°, men ~5°.

Question 51

Elbow flexors strongest at what angle?

Answer 51

90° elbow flexion.

Question 52

What innervates the biceps?

Answer 52

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C6).

Question 53

What innervates the triceps?

Answer 53

Radial nerve (C6–C8).

Question 54

What innervates pronator teres?

Answer 54

Median nerve (C7–C8).

Question 55

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

Answer 55

Ulnar nerve compression at elbow causing numbness in ring/small fingers.

Question 56

What ligament is injured in nursemaid’s elbow?

Answer 56

Annular ligament.

Question 57

What holds the radius and ulna together?

Answer 57

Interosseous membrane.

Question 58

What is lateral epicondylitis?

Answer 58

Microtears of ECRB; pain with gripping/lifting.

Question 59

Radiocarpal joint classification?

Answer 59

Biaxial condyloid.

Question 60

Strongest wrist flexor?

Answer 60

Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU).

Question 61

Weakest wrist flexor?

Answer 61

Palmaris longus.

Question 62

What is the TFCC?

Answer 62

Triangular fibrocartilage complex supporting ulnar wrist.

Question 63

What is De Quervain’s?

Answer 63

APL + EPB tendon sheath inflammation. (Thumb and wrist tendon inflammation)

Question 64

Carpal tunnel cause from PPT?

Answer 64

Distal radius fracture causing median nerve compression.

Question 65

What muscles make the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 65

APL, EPB, EPL.

Question 66

Thumb opposition is what two motions?

Answer 66

Flexion + abduction.

Question 67

Which finger abducts both directions?

Answer 67

Digit 3.

Question 68

What do palmar interossei do?

Answer 68

Adduct digits (PAD).

Question 69

What do dorsal interossei do?

Answer 69

Abduct digits (DAB).

Question 70

What do lumbricals do?

Answer 70

MCP flexion + PIP/DIP extension.

Question 71

What is Dupuytren’s?

Answer 71

Palmar aponeurosis contracture affecting grasp.

Question 72

What is Skier’s thumb?

Answer 72

UCL injury of thumb MCP.

Question 73

SAID principle?

Answer 73

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands.

Question 74

Wolff’s Law?

Answer 74

Bone adapts to stresses placed on it.

Question 75

What is overload?

Answer 75

Tissue adapts when challenged beyond normal load.

Question 76

Static stretch vs dynamic stretch?

Answer 76

Static = hold 20–30 sec; Dynamic = active movement.

Question 77

Neuromuscular control?

Answer 77

Unconscious efferent response to sensory input.

Question 78

What is assistive technology?

Answer 78

Device compensating for impaired client factor.

Question 79

Prosthetic vs orthotic?

Answer 79

Prosthetic replaces missing part; Orthotic supports/alignment.

Question 80

Hand orthotic classification?

Answer 80

A splint = first-class lever.

Question 81

Energy conservation?

Answer 81

Alternating tasks, reducing resistance, organizing environment for efficiency.

Question 82

Principles of body mechanics?

Answer 82

Wide BOS, bend hips/knees, maintain curves, exhale on exertion, avoid twisting.

Question 83

What is the functional hand position?

Answer 83

Wrist 20–30° ext, MCP 45° flex, PIP 30–45°, DIP 10–20°, thumb abducted/opposed.

Question 84

What is a Stener lesion?

Answer 84

UCL tear of thumb with adductor aponeurosis blocking healing → requires surgery.

Question 85

What is a swan-neck deformity?

Answer 85

PIP hyperextension + DIP flexion (often from RA).

Question 86

When does pincer grasp develop?

Answer 86

8–12 months (inferior at 8–9m; true at 10–12m; superior at 12–15m).

Question 87

Rehab vs performance enhancement?

Answer 87

Rehab = restore function after injury; Performance enhancement = improve ability beyond baseline.

Question 88

What is an attrition rupture?

Answer 88

Tendon tear from chronic friction/wear (common in RA).

Question 89

What affects wheelchair propulsion?

Answer 89

Wheelchair weight, camber, tire pressure, axle placement, friction, user strength, trunk stability, push mechanics.