Kinesiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the scapular motions?

A

• Elevation
• Depression
• Retraction
• Protraction
• Upward rotation
• Downward rotation

These motions are essential for shoulder girdle movement.

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2
Q

What are the motions of the Glenohumeral (GH) joint?

A

• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Internal rotation
• External rotation
• Horizontal abduction
• Horizontal adduction
• Scapation

GH joint motions are critical for arm movement and positioning.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The motion of the scapula moving upward is called _______.

A

Elevation

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The motion of the scapula moving downward is called _______.

A

Depression

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5
Q

True or False: Retraction is a scapular motion that moves the scapula away from the spine.

A

False

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6
Q

True or False: Horizontal adduction is a motion of the Glenohumeral joint.

A

True

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7
Q

What is the opposite motion of abduction in the Glenohumeral joint?

A

Adduction

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8
Q

What term describes the motion of the scapula moving forward around the rib cage?

A

Protraction

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The motion that involves the scapula rotating upward is known as _______.

A

Upward rotation

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The motion that involves the scapula rotating downward is known as _______.

A

Downward rotation

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11
Q

What are the two types of rotation that occur at the Glenohumeral joint?

A

• Internal rotation
• External rotation

These rotations are essential for various arm movements.

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12
Q

What is scapation in the context of shoulder motions?

A

A specific motion that combines flexion and abduction of the arm.

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13
Q

What are the two horizontal motions of the Glenohumeral joint?

A

• Horizontal abduction
• Horizontal adduction

These motions occur parallel to the ground.

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14
Q

What is scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

The movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint.

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15
Q

What is the synchronization involved in scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

The combined movements of the scapula and humerus during flexion and abduction.

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16
Q

What motions work together in scapulohumeral rhythm to achieve full arm flexion or abduction?

A

Motions of the scapula, humerus, and clavicle.

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17
Q

What is the ratio of scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

2:1 ratio.

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18
Q

What occurs during the setting phase of scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

Minimal scapulothoracic movement with more GH joint motion during the first 30 degrees of flexion or abduction.

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19
Q

What is the motion ratio between 30 and 90 degrees of humeral flexion or abduction?

A

1 degree of scapular motion for every 2 degrees of humeral flexion or abduction.

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20
Q

What characterizes the third phase of scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

More scapular movement.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

To allow muscles to sustain their force throughout a larger portion of range of motion and to deter subacromial impingement from occurring

Scapulohumeral rhythm is essential for effective shoulder function during movement.

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22
Q

What are synergists?

A

Muscles that work together to increase the strength of a desired movement as they work in unison

Synergists are important for enhancing movement efficiency.

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23
Q

What is the role of antagonists in muscle movement?

A

Muscles that work against each other to equal or cancel out the movement and therefore gain stability

Antagonists play a crucial role in maintaining joint stability.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Synergists increase the _______ of a desired movement.

A

[strength]

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25
True or False: Antagonists are responsible for increasing strength in movements.
False ## Footnote Antagonists work to stabilize joints by counteracting movements.
26
What happens when muscles work in unison for stability?
They counter each other, thus stabilizing a joint ## Footnote This is crucial for preventing injuries during movement.
27
What is a force couple in the context of the shoulder girdle and GH joint?
Muscles that act as synergists to one another provide a stronger action on the joint ## Footnote This results in rotary movement at the joint.
28
What must the resulting movement of the shoulder girdle and GH joint be?
Rotary in nature
29
What must be true about the line of force and muscle fibers in the shoulder girdle?
They must be in opposing directions
30
What is primary adhesive capsulitis commonly known as?
"Frozen shoulder"
31
What are the three clinical stages in primary adhesive capsulitis?
* Painful stage * Stiffening phase * Thawing stage
32
What occurs during the first stage of primary adhesive capsulitis?
The shoulder begins to lose ROM
33
What characterizes the second stage of primary adhesive capsulitis?
More ROM loss and inability to use the affected extremity in daily activities
34
What happens during the third stage of primary adhesive capsulitis?
Client begins to regain lost ROM
35
What is hemiplegia?
The paralysis of one side of the body after a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke.
36
What is shoulder subluxation?
A misalignment of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
37
What is Erb's palsy?
A condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the arm affecting nerve roots C5, C6, and C7.
38
What typically causes Erb's palsy?
Stretching of the brachial plexus.
39
What is the typical healing time for most cases of Erb's palsy?
6 to 12 months.
40
Infants with Erb's palsy may lack which reflex?
Moro reflex.
41
What is the rotator cuff?
A tendon connecting four muscles that cover the head of the humerus
42
What are common causes of pain in the shoulders for adults?
Rotator cuff tendinitis and shoulder impingement
43
What are signs and symptoms of rotator cuff tendinitis and shoulder impingement?
Pain after activity, pain at night, catching sensation in the shoulder with overhead activities
44
What are structural risk factors for shoulder issues?
* Degenerative spurring of the acromion process * Inflammation of the bursa * Calcification or thickening of the rotator cuff tendon * Tears of the rotator cuff
45
What are functional risk factors for shoulder issues?
* Abnormal scapular and GH joint positioning due to thoracic kyphosis * Depression of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa from rotator cuff weakness or tear * Tightness of the posterior capsule
46
What are the functional roles of the shoulder complex?
The functional roles include: * Scapular pivoters * Humeral positioners * Humeral propellers * Shoulder protectors ## Footnote (Glinn, 2008)
47
Which muscles are classified as scapular pivoters?
The scapular pivoters include: * Trapezius * Serratus anterior * Levator scapulae * Pectoralis minor * Rhomboid major * Rhomboid minor ## Footnote (Van Dyck, 2000)
48
What is the function of the serratus anterior muscle?
The serratus anterior muscle holds the vertebral border of the scapula against the ribs, preventing 'winging of the scapula.' ## Footnote This muscle is crucial for maintaining scapular stability during arm movements.
49
True or False: The proper function of scapular pivoters is essential for normal movement of the shoulder complex.
True ## Footnote Proper function of scapular pivoters is important for functional tasks involving the upper extremity.
50
Fill in the blank: The muscles that act as scapular pivoters are critical for _______.
[normal movement of the shoulder complex] ## Footnote This includes functional tasks involving the upper extremity.
51
What are humeral positioners?
Muscles that position the humerus in space during or after actions of the scapular pivoters ## Footnote Includes the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid
52
Name the muscles classified as humeral positioners.
* Anterior deltoid * Middle deltoid * Posterior deltoid ## Footnote These muscles are essential for positioning the humerus.
53
What are humeral propellers?
Muscles that propel the humerus ## Footnote These muscles are involved in moving the humerus during various actions.
54
List the muscles classified as humeral propellers.
* Latissimus dorsi * Pectoralis major * Teres major ## Footnote These muscles play a crucial role in the propulsion of the humerus.
55
What are the shoulder protectors known as?
The rotator cuff muscles ## Footnote The rotator cuff muscles consist of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles.
56
What is the primary function of the rotator cuff muscles?
Assist in rotation of the GH joint and stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid cavity ## Footnote Especially during functional tasks when the arms are abducted to 45 degrees and externally rotated.
57
Which nerve roots primarily innervate the muscles in the shoulder complex?
C3-C6 ## Footnote C7, C8, and T1 play a lesser role.
58
Fill in the blank: The shoulder protectors act as a _______ with the humeral positioners.
force couple
59
What are the components of the shoulder protectors?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis ## Footnote These muscles work together to protect the shoulder complex.
60
True or False: The rotator cuff muscles play a role in stabilizing the humeral head only during static positions.
False ## Footnote They stabilize the humeral head during functional tasks.
61
What positions of the arms require stabilization from the rotator cuff muscles?
When the arms are abducted to 45 degrees and externally rotated
62
List the muscles that make up the rotator cuff.
* Supraspinatus * Infraspinatus * Teres minor * Subscapularis
63
Fill in the blank: The majority of the muscles in the shoulder complex are innervated by nerve roots _______.
C3-C6
64
Where do the muscles that act on the scapula originate?
On the trunk
65
Where do the muscles that act on the scapula insert?
On the scapula
66
What is the origin of muscles that act at the GH joint?
On the trunk and on the scapula
67
Where do the muscles that act at the GH joint insert?
On the humerus
68
What do the tendons of the shoulder complex muscles do?
Combine with ligaments to strengthen and stabilize the joints
69
What is the purpose of ligaments in the shoulder complex?
To strengthen and stabilize the joints involved
70
Refer to Table 7-5 for information about what?
A list of shoulder complex ligaments and their respective functions
71
What provides strength and stability to the shoulder complex joints?
Ligaments ## Footnote Ligaments play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the shoulder complex.
72
How are the ligaments of all joints in the shoulder complex named?
For their locations ## Footnote The naming convention helps in identifying the specific ligaments associated with each joint.
73
What is the unique function of each ligament in the shoulder complex?
Counteracting dislocation in a certain direction ## Footnote Each ligament is specialized for preventing dislocation in a specific plane.
74
What do the ligaments of the shoulder complex allow the GH joint to do?
Move safely in any plane or combination of planes ## Footnote This movement capability is essential for performing various activities.
75
True or False: Ligaments of the shoulder complex only allow movement in one plane.
False ## Footnote Ligaments facilitate movement in multiple planes, enhancing mobility.
76
Fill in the blank: Each ligament in the shoulder complex performs a unique function in _______.
Counteracting dislocation ## Footnote This function is critical for joint stability.
Kinesiology
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