Chapter 4

Question 1

What are body functions in the context of occupational therapy?

Answer 1

Physiological functions of the body, including neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions

Referenced from the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Fourth Edition (AOTA, 2020)

Question 2

List examples of neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related body functions.

Answer 2

• Joint mobility
• Joint stability
• Muscle power
• Muscle tone
• Muscle endurance
• Involuntary movement reactions
• Gait patterns

Referenced from the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Fourth Edition (AOTA, 2020)

Question 3

What are performance skills in occupational therapy?

Answer 3

Motor skills including:
* Bends
* Paces
* Coordinates
* Maintains
* Stabilizes
* Manipulates
* Endures
* Walks

Referenced from the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Fourth Edition (AOTA, 2020)

Question 4

Define motor development.

Answer 4

Changes in movement behavior across the lifespan, including motor milestones

Source: Whiting & Rugg, 2006

Question 5

What is motor learning?

Answer 5

Acquisition or modification of learned movement patterns over time

Source: Pendleton & Schultz-Krohn, 2006

Question 6

Describe motor control.

Answer 6

Outcome of motor learning involving purposeful limb movements and postural adjustments

Source: Pendleton & Schultz-Krohn, 2006

Question 7

What characterizes abnormal atypical movement?

Answer 7

Inability to produce the desired movement strategy within typical parameters

Examples include flaccid paralysis after a stroke or complete spinal cord injury.

Question 8

What are the characteristics of normal atypical movement?

Answer 8

Awkward, inefficient, uncoordinated, conscious; low complexity; limited options; increased time; low joint angle; single-joint motion; low velocity; low acceleration

Question 9

Define normal typical movement.

Answer 9

Ability to access and select numerous movement possibilities for multiplanar, complex movement

Source: Greene & Wolf, 1989

Question 10

What are the characteristics of normal (enhanced) typical movement?

Answer 10

High efficiency, adaptability, and consistency in task performance across environments

Question 11

Define posture.

Answer 11

State of the body in relationship to gravity, the ground, and its body parts or extremities

Source: Martin, 1977

Question 12

What is postural control?

Answer 12

Regulation of the body’s position in space for stability and orientation

Source: Shumway-Cook & Woollacott, 2001

Question 13

What are anticipatory postural movements?

Answer 13

Movements of the trunk or posture in response to changes in task or environmental demands

Source: Shumway-Cook & Woollacott, 2001

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The ability to maintain the body in equilibrium is called _______.

Answer 14

[stability]

Question 15

What is the center of gravity (COG)?

Answer 15

Balance point of an object where all sides are equal

Source: Lippert, 2006

Question 16

Define line of gravity (LOG).

Answer 16

Vertical line from COG to earth

Question 17

What is the base of support (BOS)?

Answer 17

Area contained by body parts in contact with the ground

Source: Lippert, 2006

Question 18

List principles of stability.

Answer 18

• Lowering the COG increases stability
• COG and LOG must remain within BOS for stability
• Increasing BOS increases stability
• Increasing mass increases stability
• Increasing friction increases stability
• Focusing on a spot increases stability

Question 19

What methods are used to assess movement?

Answer 19

• Amount of use and quality of use scales
• Range of motion (ROM)
• Manual muscle testing (MMT)

Question 20

What does AROM stand for?

Answer 20

Active Range of Motion

Question 21

What does PROM stand for?

Answer 21

Passive Range of Motion

Question 22

What does AAROM stand for?

Answer 22

Active Assisted Range of Motion

Question 23

Define end feel in the context of movement.

Answer 23

Sensation at end of range of motion

Question 24

What are the grades of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)?

Answer 24

• 0 = Zero
• 1 = Trace (T)
• 2 = Poor (P)
• 3 = Fair (F)
• 4 = Good (G)
• 5 = Normal (N)

Question 25

List the steps in Gross MMT.

Answer 25

* Position the client and extremity * Stabilize the joint * Palpate appropriate muscle groups * Observe muscle contractions * Resist muscles * Grade strength ## Footnote Source: Killingsworth & Pedretti, 2006

Question 26

What is joint stability?

Answer 26

Maintenance of structural integrity of joints throughout the body; physiological stability of joints related to structural integrity.

Question 27

What is muscle endurance?

Answer 27

Sustainability of muscle contraction.

Question 28

What are motor reflexes?

Answer 28

Involuntary contraction of muscles automatically induced by specific stimuli.

Question 29

What is motor development?

Answer 29

Events that occur covering months, years, or decades.

Question 30

What is myositis ossificans?

Answer 30

Bony growth at the joint or bone affecting muscles.

Question 31

Motor control builds on motor learning and motor behaviors, allowing an individual to perform purposeful movements voluntarily. (T/F)

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Decreasing friction between the object and surface will increase stability. (T/F)

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Focusing on one spot will increase stability. (T/F)

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Increasing the mass will increase stability. (T/F)

Answer 34

True

Question 35

A goniometer measures movement of a joint in multiple planes. (T/F)

Answer 35

False – it measures range of motion in a single plane.

Question 36

A score of 3/5 on an MMT reveals that the joint can move through a full ROM against gravity. (T/F)

Answer 36

False – 3/5 indicates full ROM against gravity but no resistance.

Question 37

Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) assesses the muscles’ abilities to generate force. (T/F)

Answer 37

True

Question 38

A score of 1/5 on an MMT reveals slight observable or palpable muscle contractions. (T/F)

Answer 38

True

Question 39

When possible, it is best practice to have the same clinician perform MMT measurements. (T/F)

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Lowering the center of gravity will decrease stability. (T/F)

Answer 40

False – lowering the center of gravity actually increases stability.