Chapter 12.3

Question 1

External equity

Answer 1

fairness of the organisation’s pay in comparison with the payments made to similar jobs outside the organisation.

Question 2

Internal equity

Answer 2

fairness of what is paid for one job in the organisation, compared to that of other jobs

Question 3

The reinforcement process

Answer 3

-Stimulus
-Response
-Consequence
-Future

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

Situation

Question 5

Response

Answer 5

Behaviour

Question 6

Consequence

Answer 6

Rewards or punishments

Question 7

Future

Answer 7

Behaviour

Question 8

Behaviour can be changed in the following ways

Answer 8

-Through positive reinforcement

-Through punishment

-Through negative reinforcement

-Through extinction.

Question 9

Positive reinforcement

Answer 9

creates a pleasant consequence by using rewards to increase the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated

Question 10

Punishment

Answer 10

It is an attempt to discourage a behaviour by the application of negative outcomes whenever it does occur

Question 11

Negative reinforcement

Answer 11

engaging in behaviour to avoid unpleasant consequences

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

there is an absence of any reinforcement, either positive or negative, following the occurrence of a behaviour

Question 13

Five guidelines for using reinforcement theory

Answer 13

-Do not reward all individuals equally

-Failure to respond can also modify behaviour

-Tell individuals what they can do receive a reward

-Tell individuals what they are doing wrong

-Do not punish in front of others

Question 14

Goal-setting theory

Answer 14

It states that managers can direct the performance of their employees by assigning specific, challenging goals that employees accept and to which they are willing to commit

Question 15

Basic expectancy theory

Answer 15

It states that people tend to choose behaviour that they believe will help them achieve their goals and avoid behaviour that they believe will lead to undesirable consequences

Question 16

Three questions that employees consider when making behavioural choices

Answer 16

-The expectancy question
-The instrumentality question
-The valence question

Question 17

The valence question

Answer 17

How much do I value the outcome associated with the intended behaviour?

-The valence of an outcome associated with performance is the importance or value that a particular employee attaches to the outcome

Question 18

The instrumentality question

Answer 18

If I perform the intended behaviour, what will the outcome be?

-Instrumentality is the perceived usefulness of performance as a means for obtaining desired outcomes.

Question 19

The expectancy question

Answer 19

If I make an effort, will I be able to perform the intended behaviour

-Expectancy is the belief that a certain level of effort will lead to improved performance

Question 20

The integrated expectancy model

Answer 20

The model suggests that employees who perform well will feel more satisfied, assuming that their performance is rewarded appropriately.