Loco EOYS

Question 1

which ligaments do we find around elbow joint [3] what do they help cause movement of ? [3]

Answer 1

ligaments:

• radial collateral ligament
• ulnar collateral ligaments
• *reinforce hinge movement**

anular ligament: encircles the head of the radius and keeps in the radial notch of the ulnar: creates proximal radioulnar joint - pronation and supination of the formarm

Question 2

which muscles are used to flex your forarm when:

a) pronated
b) supinated

Answer 2

pronated forearm - brachialis used to flex elbow joint

supinated forarm - brachiali and bicep brachii flex elbow joints

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

where do the the rhomboids and levator scapulae run from?

which movements do they cause?

Answer 4

rhomboids
medial aspect of scapula to upper thoracic vertebra. muscle fibres cause retraction of scapula

• *levator scapulae:**
• neck to superior aspect of scapular
• elevates scapula

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

what is the scapula-humeral rthym?

Answer 6

First 30 degrees of shoulder elevation involves a “setting phase”:

• the movement is largely glenohumeral.
• scapulothoracic movement is small and inconsistent.

And after the first 30 degrees of shoulder elevation:

• The glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints move simultaneously.
• Overall 2:1 ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement.

(e.g. when the arm is abducted 180 degrees, 60 degrees by rotation of the scapula & 120 degrees occurs by rotation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint)

Question 7

pectoralis major and minor:

where do they run?

movements?

innervation?

Answer 7

pectoralis major:

most superficial: runs from humerus to medial aspect of clavicle, sternum and ribs
two heads: clavicular head & sternocostal head
movment: adduct, flex and medial rotates the shoulder (hugging muscle!)

• *pectoralis minor:**
• corocoid process to upper ribs
• not much movement - stabilises the stable joint

both innervated by pectoral nerves

Question 8

what are the three muscles found in anterior compartment of upper arm? what do they do?where do they run to?

Answer 8

biceps brachii - two heads:
i) one from corocoid process, distally to elbow (short head)
ii) superior border of glenoid fossa, superiorly to elbow
flex shoulder

• *coracobrachialis**: corocoid process to humerus
• flex shoulder

brachialis: mid shaft of humerus to elbow

Question 9

trapezius - where found?

where does it run? [3]

what are the three different fibre parts? [3] what movements do they cause [3]

Answer 9

trapezius

runs from occipital bone to bottom of thoracic vertebral. attaches to spine of scapula and clavicle

three parts​

• descending fibres / suprior fibres = elevate (shrug shoulders)
• middle fibres = retract scapula
• ascending / inferior fibres = depress scapula

Question 10

which muscle initates condcucts the first 10 degrees of abduction?

Answer 10

supraspinatus

Question 11

what movements does scapulotharacic joint permit of shoulder?

Answer 11

movements: [3]
* *- elevation & depression**
- protraction & retraction
- rotation - important in abduction

Question 12

what are two prominent features of the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 12

glenoid cavity accomodates approx/ 1/3 of the humeral head: means that should can have wider range of movement

inferior joint capusule is lax. allows elevate above head. but means is much weaker than superior portion

Question 13

which ligament is commonly torn in young girls?

Ulnohumeral joint
Radio humeral joint
Proximal radioulnar joint

why?

Answer 13

which ligament is commonly torn in young girls?

Ulnohumeral joint
Radio humeral joint
Proximal radioulnar joint

bc annular ligament if loosely attached to the ulnar in infants

Question 14

nerve roots for brachial plexus?

Answer 14

C5-T1

Question 15

• *1. latissimus dorsi muscle**
  2. teres major

runs where to where?
movements? [3]

Answer 15

1. latissimus dorsi muscle
runs from lower thoracic vertebra onto the lumbar vertebra & iliac crest. runs from iliac crest to anterior aspect of the humerus

movements:
- extend, adduct and medially rotate the shoulder

2. teres major:
runs from:
- inferior angle of scapula to anterior aspect of humerus

movements:
- extend, adduct and medially rotate the shoulder

Question 16

trapezius - where found?

where does it run? [3]

what are the three different fibre parts? [3] what movements do they cause [3]

Answer 16

trapezius

runs from occipital bone to bottom of thoracic vertebral. attaches to spine of scapula and clavicle

three parts​

• descending fibres / suprior fibres = elevate (shrug shoulders)
• middle fibres = retract scapula
• ascending / inferior fibres = depress scapula

Question 17

rotator cuff muscles:
​
which muscles attach to greater tubercle?
which muscles attach to lesser tubercle?

Answer 17

• *greater tubercle:**
• teres minor
• supraspinatus muscle
• ​infraspinatus muscle:
• *lesser tubercle**
• subscapularis

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

describe the path of the median nerve?

which motor muscles does it innervate? [2]

which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [3]

Answer 19

describe the path of the ulnar nerve?
- runs medially in the arm and passes posterior the medial epidcondlye

which motor muscles does it innervate? [2]

• flexor carpi ulnaris
• ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus in forearm

which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [3]
- medial dorsal and plantar hand, digits 3.5-5

Question 20

What is Erb’s palsy caused by damage to? [1]
which nerves? [3]
what does it result in? [3]

Answer 20

Erbs palsy:

• *- Damage to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus.**
• This happens quite commonly in difficult birth (pulling the head away from the upper limb) results in nerve palsy.
• Damaging C5 and C6 mainly affects musculocutaneous, axillary and medial nerve. It results in:

Adducted shoulder

Medially rotated arm

Extended elbow

Question 21

what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

Answer 21

Boundaries of the cubital fossa:

• superior border: line from the lateral to the medial epicondyle
• flexor muscles of the forearm and the bracioradialias acting as borders also.

Question 22

what is the shallow glenoid fossa deepened by? [2]

Answer 22

-glenoid labrum (fibrocart. ring that surrounds articular surface). helps deepen the socket and support the joint

- long head of the biceps - attaches to superior aspect of labrum

Question 23

muscles of the arm:

anterior compartment is innervated by?
posterior compartment is innervated by?

Answer 23

muscles of the arm:

anterior compartment is innervated by musculocutaneous nerve = flexion
posterior compartment is innervated by radial nerve = extension

Question 25

which bone does bicep brachi attach to distally? [1] where does bicep brachi attach medially? [2] which bone does brachialis attach to distally? [1]

Answer 25

which bone does bicep brachi attach to distally? [1] **radius** 2 heads: _i) short head_ - found medially. **attaches to corocoid process** _ii) long head_ - found laterally L4L. **attaches to supraglenoid tubercle** which bone does brachialis attach to distally? [1] **ulna! (coronoid process)3**

Question 26

describe the path of the median nerve to the hand which motor muscles does it innervate? [2] which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [1]

Answer 26

**Median nerve path** The median nerve runs medial to biceps brachii with the brachial artery, and runs anteriorly at the cubital fossa to enter the forearm. It then passes through the carpal tunnel to reach the hand * *motor inervation:** - supplies the majority of the flexor compartment (2 muscles it doesn’t innervate) causing wrist flexion - the thumb * *sensory innervation** - Sensory fibres innervate the skin over lateral palm, digits 1-3.5

Question 27

muscle actions of: supraspinatus muscle:? infraspinatus muscle:? teres minor:? subscapularis muscle?

Answer 27

muscle actions of: supraspinatus muscle: **first 10 degrees of abduction** infraspinatus muscle: **external rotation** teres minor: **external rotation** subscapularis muscle: **internal rotation**

Question 28

what is 1 & 2?

Answer 28

2 coracobrachialis 1. brachialis

Question 29

which is the main muscle of posterior compartment of upper arm? - what movement does it cause to shoulder? - what are the three different heads?

Answer 29

posteior compartment **extends the shoulder** **triceps brachii:** _three heads:_ * *-medial head & lateral head:** humerus to elbow (olecranon process) * *-long head**: inferior head of glenoid fossa - olecranon. this is the main one that causes extension of should

Question 30

sternoclavicular joint: what type of joint? what is present for shock absorption? what type of movements occur?

Answer 30

joint type: **synovial, saddle joint** shock absoption: **articular disc** movements: **around 60 degrees when elevate scapula**

Question 31

describe overview of whole structure of brachial plexus

Answer 31

**roots**: C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1 **trunks:** C5 & C6 join together: **superior** C7 continues solo: **middle** C8 & T1 join together: **inferior** **Divisions:** Anterior Posterior * *Cords (**named regarding position to axillary artery): - lateral (top) - posterior - medial (bottom) * *Branches:** * *-** top = Muscular cutaneous - axillary - median - radial - ulnar nerve **reach to brink cold beer !!**

Question 32

describe the path of the radial nerve? which motor muscles does it innervate? [2] which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [3]

Answer 32

* *describe the path of the median nerve to the hand** - runs posteriorly all the way down * *which motor muscles does it innervate? [2]** - tricep brachii - all muscles on posterior aspect of arm and forearm - extension of the wrist * *which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [1]** - posterior arm to wrist - dorsal hand - base of digits 1-3 and thumb

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

Answer 34

_Boundaries of the cubital fossa:_ - **superior border:** line from the lateral to the medial epicondyle - **flexor muscles** of the forearm and the **bracioradialias** acting as borders also.

Question 35

which muscles does the musculocutanous motor nerve supply? [3] where is this? which area does the musculocutanous sesnroy nerve supply? [1]

Answer 35

musculocutanous supplies the flexor compartment motor supply: * *- bicep brachialis - brachialis - corachbrachialis** musculocutanous supplies the flexor compartment sensory supply: **- skin of lateral forarm**

Question 36

movements of the shoulder include a combination of movements from which joints [4]?

Answer 36

**SAGS:** - sternoclavicular joint - acromiclavicular joint - glenohumeral joint - scapulothrocic joint

Question 37

which muscles are used for flexion and extension of elbow joint?

Answer 37

Question 38

capitulum articulates with which bone? [1] trochlea articualtes with which bone? [1]

Answer 38

capitulum articulates with which bone? [1] **- radius** trochlea articualtes with which bone? [1] **- ulnar**

Question 39

serratus anterior where? movements? nerve?

Answer 39

originates from medial border of the scapula, wraps around thorax to insert on the ribs - protraction of scapula when throwing a punch **boxers muscle !** nerve: **long thoracic nerve -\> is superficial to the muscle which means can get damaged easily !**

Question 40

where do each of the following arrive from? - Muscularcutaneous - axillary - median - radial - ulnar nerve

Answer 40

where do each of the following arrive from? - Muscularcutaneous: **C5-C7** - axillary: **C5-C6** - median: **C5-T1** - radial: **C5-T1** - ulnar nerve; **1**

Question 41

what is klumpke palsy? caused by damage from which origins? looks like?

Answer 41

* *- damage to lower part of the brachial plexus** i) difficult birth via pulling baby out by limb ii) trying to stop yourself fall from a great height Affecting C8-T1 mainly affects ulnar nerve and part of the median nerve, so the main problems occur in the small muscles within the hand, and a claw hand results

Question 42

Answer 42

A: short head of bicep brachii B: radial nerve C: brachial artery D: tricep (long head) E: musculocutaneous nerve

Question 43

what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint? [2] what type of movement does this allow? which bone is it a connection between? [1]

Answer 43

_what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint? [2]_ - synovial [1]; plane joint [1] - gliding movement [1] _what is a connection between? [1]_ - acromonion of scapula - clavicle