EOYS > MET EOYS2 > Flashcards

MET EOYS2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

explain the whole gut honing mechanism x

A
  • dendritic cells produce retinoic acid (vitamin A) which induce gut homing T cells to express α4β7 and CCR9.
  • Epithelial cells lining gut home T cells by expression of CCL25 (ligand for CCR9) while endothelial cells express MadCAM (ligand for α4β7).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which of the following is the linear alba?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the linear alba?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which of the following is the external oblique?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the external oblique?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which of the following is the rectus abdominus?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the rectus abdominus?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which of the following is the tendinous intersections?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the tendinous intersections?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which of the following is the tendinous intersections?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the tendinous intersections?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which of the following is the rectus abdominus?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the rectus abdominus?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which of the following is the external oblique?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the external oblique?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which of the following is the linear alba?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the linear alba?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the linea albal is formed by the aponeuoreses of which muscles?

A

Formed by aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the structure of the rectus sheath

a) above arcuate line
b) below arcuate line

A
  • *rectus sheath:**
  • surrounds rectus abdominis muscle
  • made from: aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis
  • structure:
  • *a) above arcuate line**
    i) external oblique aponeuroses runs anterior to rectus abdmonis & inserts into the midline: forms linea alba
    ii) i_nternal oblique aponeuroses splits in half_: half goes anterior of rectus abdominis, other half goes posterior. again insets onto linea alba
    iii) transversus abdominis runs posterior to rectus abdominis
    iv) transversalid fascia runs posterior to rectus abdominis
  • *b) below arcuate line:**
    i) all of aponeuroses run anterior to rectus abdominis
    ii) transveralis fascia runs posterior to rectus abdominis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the blood supply to the abdominal wall like? (3) where from?

A

sinternal thoracic artery –> superior epigastric artery
external iliac artery –> inferior epigastric artery
lower intercost and lumbar arteries - blood to lateral aspect of ab wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what two anatomical features are found under the inguinal ligament? [2]

A
  • under inguinal ligament:
    a) passageway for the femoral artery, vein and nerve pass & enter thigh.
    b) spermatic cord:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is water needed in the digestive system? (4)

A

Hydrolysis reactions of digestion

Facilitation of absorption (brings products of digestion into close proximity to microvilli)

Facilitation of propulsion of gut contents

Combination with mucin granules to make mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in the production / break down of glucagon, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are made active / inactive by the addition of what?

A

glycogen synthase is activated by removing P, inactivated by adding P

glycogen phosphorylase is activated by adding P, inactivated by removing b

therefore work antagonistically !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

extrinisc innervation of the GI tract:

  • which nerve controls communication between gut and CNS?
  • after enetering the brain stem, where does & synapse?
Study These Flashcards
A

extrinsic innervation - vagus nerve mediates communication gut and CNS

  • has central terminals that enter brain stem and synapse to neurons of nucleus tractus solitarus
23
Q

Clostridium difficile:

a) associated / caused by what?
b) results in what symptoms? (2)
c) treatment? (3)

Study These Flashcards
A

Clostridium difficile:

a) associated / caused by: broad spectrum antiobiotic usage - opportunistic overgrowth
b) results in: watery diarrhoea & abdominal pain
c) treatment: stop antibiotic use, vancomycin, fecal microbiota transfer

24
Q

link between gut and brain:
what two things have been shown to be altered in brain as a result of altered gut microbiota?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • activity of macrophages / microglia within brain
  • development and plasticity in brain (leads to ageing)
25
blue and purple muscles?
blue: **pectoralis major** purple: **serratus minor**
26
what are the attachment points for the external oblique? [3] what is the inguinal ligament? - between which two points does it lie? (2)
attachment site of external oblique - **lower part of ribs - the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS for short) - external pubic tubercle** inguinal ligament: - the inferior border of the external oblique’s aponeurosis (**between ASIS & pubic tubercle**) and it rolls under itself to create the inguinal ligament.
27
what are the two oesophageal sphincters? which one is an anatomical sphincter, which one is a physiological sphincter? how do they make sure they are sphincters/
**_upper oesophageal sphincter_:** produced by skeletal muscle **cricopharyngeus.** _anatomical sphincter_ * *_lower oesophageal sphincter:_** looks the same as oesophagus. _physiological sphincter._ aided by: a) **acute angle** of stomach enter b) right curs of the diaphragm: **pinch-cock** effect
28
whats 1-5?
1: **soft palate:** roof of th eoral cavity 2. **uvula:** midleine extension of the mucosa of the soft palate 3 **palatine tonsil:** found between the two arches of mucosa that project down from soft palate 4 **palatopharyngeal arch:** lie postierior to palatine tonsils 5. **palaoglossal arch:** lies anterior to palatine tonsils
29
label 1-3
1: posterior belly of digastric muscle 2: mylohyoid muscle (cut) 3: geniohydoid muscle
30
label 1-3
1: posterior belly of digastric muscle 2: mylohyoid muscle (cut) 3: geniohydoid muscle
31
name the three papillae in the tongue which have taste buds (2)
* *- fungiform papillae**: located anteriorly * *- filiform papillae**: loacted centrally * *- circumvallate papillae:** located posteriorly fungiform and circumvallate = taste buds
32
which of the following is foramen cecum of tongue? A B C D E
which of the following is foramen cecum of tongue? A B C **D** E
33
which of the following is foliate papillae? A B C D E
which of the following is foliate papillae? **A** B C D E
34
which of the following is lingual tonsil? A B C D E
which of the following is lingual tonsil? A B **C** D E
35
which of the following is vallate papillae? A B C D E
which of the following is vallate papillae? A **B** C D E
36
which of the following is the foramen cecum ? A B C D E
which of the following is the foramen cecum ? A B C D **E**
37
label 1-4 of the suprahyoid
1: thyrohyoid muscle 2: sternothryoid muscle 3: sternohyoid muscle 4: omohyoid muscle
38
label 1-4 of the suprahyoid
1: thyrohyoid muscle 2: sternothryoid muscle 3: sternohyoid muscle 4: omohyoid muscle
39
what is the differnece in the role of the intrisic and extrinsic muscles of mouth?
intrinsic muscle: change shape extrinsic muscle: change position
40
upper oesophageal sphincter is made from which muscle?
EOS: **cricopharnyngeus muscle**
41
Which muscle of mastication opens the mouth? Which muscles of mastication close the mouth?
**- Lateral pterygoid** muscles: open the mouth - the **temporalis, massester and medial pterygoid muscles** help close the mouth
42
for **anterior 2/3 tongue:** which nerve supplies the a) special sensory (taste) b) general sensory (pressure etc) c) motor sensory?
**_anterior 2/3 tongue:_** nerve supplies the a) special sensory (taste): **CN VII - facial nerve** b) general sensory (pressure etc): **CN V - trigeminal nerve (V3, mandibular nerve)** c) motor sensory: **hypoglossal nerve - CN XII** _for **posterior 1/3 tongue:**_ nerve supplies the a) special sensory (taste): **glossopharnyngeal nerve (CN IX)** b) general sensory (pressure etc): **glossopharnyngeal nerve (CN IX)** c) motor sensory: **hypoglossal nerve - CN XII**
43
label 1-5
1: **posterior 1/3 tongue** 2: **anterior 2/3 tongue / body** 3: **sulcus terminalis** 4: **median sulcus 5 foramen cecum**
44
label 1-5
1: **posterior 1/3 tongue** 2: **anterior 2/3 tongue / body** 3: **sulcus terminalis** 4: **median sulcus 5 foramen cecum**
45
the muscles in the pharynx are innervated by which nerve, except for the stylopharnygeal muscle - which is innervated by which nerve?
- all pharynx muscles innervated by: **vagus nerve** EXCEPT: - **stylopharyngeus** muscles which is innervated by the **glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX).**
46
1. There is a transition from skeletal to smooth muscle as you move in which direction? 2. in the oesophagus, there is an inner ?? layer - contraction of this muscle cause what? 3. There is also an outer ?? layer of muscle, contraction of which causes what?
1. There is a transition from **skeletal** to **smooth** **muscle** as you move distally. 2. There is an **inner** **circular** layer - contraction of this muscle **_increases luminal pressure_**. 3. There is also an **outer** **longitudinal** layer of muscle, contraction of which causes s**hortening of the oesophagus.**
47
what is the motor and sensory innervation to the pharynx? [2]
baso: - sensory innervation = CNIX - motor inneration = CNX
48
name of the sphincter muscle which encircles the mouth:? [1]
name of the sphincter muscle which encircles the mouth: **orbicularis oris**
49
what anatomical features of the colon ensure that peristalsis is modified? [2] how does bolus move along colon? (2)
_what anatomical features of the colon ensure that peristalsis is modified?_ - get bulges of outer circular muscle (haustra), which are held together by three bands of circular muscle: **taenia** **- taenia can contract in either direction** _how does bolus move along colon? (2)_ **- constrictive ring occurs (**giant migrating concentration) and **haustra disappear (!)** from a portion of the ascending colon ~20cm of the colon distal to the constrictive ring lose their haustrations and **contract as a unit,** propelling faecal material into the transverse colon
50
which part of muscaluris muscosa 1. becomes internal anal sphincter? 2 extends over sphincter & attaches to CT? 3. becomes external anal sphincter?
which part of muscaluris muscosa: * *circ muscle**: becomes internal anal sphincter * *long muscle**: extends over sphincter & attaches to CT * *skeletal muscle:** external anal sphincter
51
which hormone is released when have hypocalcemia? what is it effects? (3) what is 1. inhibited by?
fall in calcium: **PTH** (parathryoid hormone) rises - restores calcium back to normal by: - Increased renal Ca++ reabsorption. - Increased bone Ca++ release. - Increased gut absorption via release of vitamin D (1,25vitD). The release if PTH is inhibited by raised **Ca++ levels.**
52
IgD - role? - shape?? - how common? - contains?
IgD - role: antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. - activates basophils and mast cells = make antimicrobrial factors - activates B cells - how common: very low levels 1
53
which nerve provides sensory innervation for the entire face? - how is it split up? (3) - which of ^ supply superior teeth? - which of ^ supply inferior teeth?
* *trigeminal nerve (CN V):** - ophthalamic (V1) - maxillary (V2) - mandibular (V3) - maxillary V2 ---\> **superior alveolar nerve:** supplies superior teeth - mandible V3 ---\> **inferior alveolar nerve (** --\> mental nerve) supplies inferior teeth
EOYS
flashcards
Decks in class (39)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions