12.4-13.1

Question 1

any property of solution that depends on the number of dissolved particles, not on their identity or properties

Answer 1

colligative property

Question 2

pressure exerted by a vapor when it is in equilibrium with a liquid phase of the same substance

Answer 2

vapor pressure (higher temp means higher vapor pressure)

Question 3

means not easily vaporized

Answer 3

nonvolatile

Question 4

true or false: a nonvolatile solute raises the vapor pressure of the solvent

Answer 4

false; it lowers the vapor pressure

Question 5

is the lowering of vapor pressure in a solution a colligative property?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure

Answer 6

boiling point

Question 7

increase in a substance’s boiling point caused by the presence of a nonvolatile solute

Answer 7

boiling point elevation

Question 8

decrease in a substance’s freezing point caused by the presence of a solute

Answer 8

freezing point depression

Question 9

true or false: boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are colligative properties

Answer 9

true

Question 10

substances that do not ionize or dissociate in aqueous solutions to produce ions that can conduct electricity

Answer 10

nonelectrolytes

Question 11

compounds that dissolve in water to produce ions that can conduct an electrical current

Answer 11

electrolytes

Question 12

dissociate or ionize essentially completely in water to give solutions that are good conductors

Answer 12

strong electrolytes

Question 13

do not dissociate completely in water; solutions are poor conductors of electricity

Answer 13

weak electrolytes

Question 14

permit the passage of some molecules but not others

Answer 14

semipermeable membranes

Question 15

net movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

Answer 15

osmosis

Question 16

pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated solution to prevent osmosis

Answer 16

osmotic pressure

Question 17

what is the direction of solvent flow?

Answer 17

from the more dilute solution to the more concentrated solution

Question 18

basically pure water

Answer 18

hypotonic solution

Question 19

solution with the water concentration higher than 0.3 mol/L

Answer 19

hypertonic solution

Question 20

heterogeneous mixture containing tiny clumps or particles that remain suspended within the mixture

Answer 20

colloid (colloidal particles prove kinetic theory of matter)

Question 21

phenomenon in which light is scattered by a colloid, producing a light blue tinge

Answer 21

Tyndall effect

Question 22

random movement of colloidal particles caused by collisions with solvent particles

Answer 22

Brownian motion

Question 23

attraction of a substance to the surface of a solid

Answer 23

adsorption

Question 24

device that uses charged wires to precipitate particles from air

Answer 24

electrostatic precipitator

Question 25

colloids in which the dispersed substance is a liquid and the dispersing medium is either a liquid or a solid

Answer 25

emulsions

Question 26

in a colloid: 1. acts as solvent 2. acts as solute

Answer 26

1. dispersing medium 2. dispersed substance

Question 27

a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by forming a protective layer on the surface of each particle

Answer 27

emulsifying agent

Question 28

gas dispersed in either a solid or a liquid

Answer 28

foam

Question 29

sol that sets to a jelly-like form by the linking together of suspended particles

Answer 29

gel

Question 30

any colloid containing a liquid or a solid suspended in a gas such as air

Answer 30

aerosol

Question 31

heterogeneous mixtures with solid particles large enough to settle out of the dispersing liquid

Answer 31

suspensions

Question 32

study of the rates of reactions (speed) and the pathway taken by reactions (mechanisms)

Answer 32

chemical kinetics

Question 33

ratio relating a change in a quantity to time

Answer 33

rate

Question 34

ratio of the change in a reactant or product molarity to the time for the change

Answer 34

reaction rate

Question 35

the molarity of a substance is represented by writing the chemical formula of the substance in this way

Answer 35

brackets []

Question 36

theory stating that the greater the frequency and the greater the energy of collisions between reactant particles, the greater the rate of reaction

Answer 36

collision theory

Question 37

three parts of the collision theory

Answer 37

1. reactant particles must collide 2. reactant particles must collide with enough energy to rearrange their chemical bonds 3. particles reacting depends on the positioning of the molecules - their orientation - when they collide

Question 38

minimum energy that a molecule must possess to react

Answer 38

activation energy

Question 39

an increase in the _______ of reactant particles increases the rate of a reaction by increasing the number of collisions in a given time

Answer 39

concentration

Question 40

for every ____ C rise in temperature, the reaction rate doubles

Answer 40

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