11th Chemistry > test 9 > Flashcards

test 9 Flashcards

(119 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of metals

A
  1. good conductors of electricity
  2. good conductors of heat
  3. malleable (hammered into shape) and ductile (drawn into wires)
  4. shiny and highly reflective
  5. high melting and boiling points
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chemical bonds in which metal atoms are surrounded by delocalized electrons

A

metallic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

electrons that circulate freely throughout a molecule or crystal instead of being bound to a single atom or pair of atoms

A

delocalized electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

if the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms is greater than 1.7, the bond is ______

A

ionic (know 1.7!!!!); if it’s less than 1.7, it’s covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

forces between molecules

A

intermolecular forces (don’t bond to form compounds, bond molecules without changing the compound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

forces between neighboring polar molecules caused by the attraction of oppositely charged ends

A

dipole-dipole forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

weak intermolecular forces resulting from momentary dipoles in molecules

A

London forces (only intermolecular force that occurs between most nonpolar bonds) - all have London forces; it is the weakest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

unusually strong intermolecular force between molecules containing hydrogen covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom

A

hydrogen bond (strongest intermolecular force)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

three elements hydrogen must be bonded to to form a hydrogen bond

A

nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ has no ordered arrangement or pattern for the particles that compose it

A

amorphous solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

simplest repeating unit in a crystal

A

unit cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

simplest unit of ionic solids

A

formula unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

most important aspect of chemistry

A

practical application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

survey of the chemicals and processes that are important to our daily lives

A

descriptive chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most abundant element in the universe

A

hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

commercial method of preparing hydrogen

A

steam reforming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

simplest element

A

hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

addition of hydrogen to double or triple bonds

A

hydrogenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

process used to create ammonia

A

Haber process (ammonia comes from hydrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

78% of air (main component of air)

A

nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

process in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a form that can be used by plants

A

nitrogen fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

process used to create nitric acid

A

Ostwald process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

unstable high-energy nitrogen compound that detonates unpredictably with slight shock

A

nitroglycerin (dynamite is a more stable form)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

two or more forms of the same element that differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state

A

allotropes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
stable form of phosphorus
red phosphorus
26
energy carrier of the cell
ATP
27
most abundant element in the earth's crust
oxygen
28
reaction with oxygen that is also known as burning
combustion
29
area that contains more O3 than normal
ozone layer
30
process where sulfur is mined from underground deposits in the earth's crust
Frasch process (primary method)
31
process by which elemental sulfur is produced from hydrogen sulfide (from petroleum and natural gas)
Claus process
32
chemical used to measure the health of the US economy
sulfuric acid
33
process that produces sulfuric acid
contact process
34
elements too reactive to be found naturally in their free state
halogens
35
most reactive element
fluorine (also used to help prevent tooth decay)
36
halogen found in 85% of medicines
chlorine
37
colorless monatomic gases in their uncombined form
noble gases
38
metals known as +1
alkali metals
39
metals that are +2
alkaline earth metals
40
science of extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use
metallurgy
41
naturally occurring material that contains enough metal to make it worth processing
ore
42
metal mixture
alloy
43
water with calcium ions
hard water
44
metal used in windows and x-ray tubes
beryllium
45
alkaline earth metal found in limestone
calcium
46
most abundant metal in the earth's crust
aluminum
47
main aluminum ore
bauxite
48
process used to extract aluminum from bauxite or other ores
Hall-Heroult process
49
reaction of aluminum, iron, and oxygen
thermite process
50
metal found in car and truck batteries
lead
51
name for carbon used in a blast furnace
coke
52
iron formed from direct iron reduction
sponge iron
53
steel-refining process that uses giant electrodes
electric arc process
54
oldest method of reducing iron ore to iron
blast furnace
55
steel-working process that requires no external heat source
basic oxygen process
56
bluish-green coating of copper that forms to prevent further reaction
patina
57
valued for their appearance, durability, workability, and scarcity
precious metals
58
process of extracting gold and silver from low-grade ores
cyanide process
59
most malleable and ductile metal known
gold
60
metal mixture with mercury
amalgam
61
precious metals used as a catalyst and for pollution-control devices
platinum
62
metal used in tank armor
uranium
63
substances with electrical conductivity intermediate between conductors and insulators
semiconductors
64
semimetal found in computer chips
silicon
65
90% of glass
soda lime glass
66
used in heat resistant glass
boron
67
substance that does the dissolving
solvent
68
substance being dissolved
solute
69
liquids that are completely soluble in each other
miscible
70
liquids that do not dissolve in each other to any significant extent
immiscible
71
separation of an ionic compound into ions when solvated
dissociation
72
separation of a molecular compound into ions when solvated
ionization
73
three methods of increasing the dissolving
stir, crush, increase temperature
74
rule as to if a substance will dissolve
like dissolves like
75
situation in which the rate of crystallization equals the rate of dissolution and the amount of undissolved solid remains constant
solution equilibrium
76
solution containing more solute than it could under equilibrium conditions at a specific temperature
supersaturated
77
solution containing all the solute possible under equilibrium conditions at a given temperature
saturated
78
for solids, as temperature increases, ________ happens
solubility increases, is greater
79
for gases, as temperature increases, ________ happens
solubility decreases
80
ratio of the mole amount of a solute to the volume of the solution
molarity (M = mol/L)
81
occurs when water is added to a solution
dilution (V1M1 = V2M2)
82
ratio of solvent amount to solvent mass
molality (m = mol/kg)
83
any property of solution that depends on the number of dissolved particles, not on their identity or properties
colligative property
84
vapor pressure _________ when a nonvolatile substance is added
decreases
85
the higher the vapor pressure, the ________ the temperature
higher
86
decrease of freezing point occurs with nonvolatile substance; and increase in boiling point occurs with nonvolatile substance
freezing point depression; boiling point elevation
87
compounds that dissolve in water to produce ions that can conduct an electrical current
electrolytes
88
net movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution
osmosis
89
pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated solution to prevent osmosis
osmotic pressure
90
permit the passage of some molecules but not others
semipermeable membranes
91
heterogeneous mixture containing tiny clumps or particles that remain suspended within the mixture
colloid
92
phenomenon in which light is scattered by a colloid, producing a light blue tinge
Tyndall effect
93
random movement of colloidal particles caused by collisions with solvent particles
Brownian motion
94
attraction of a substance to the surface of a solid
adsorption
95
colloids in which the dispersed substance is a liquid and the dispersing medium is either a liquid or a solid
emulsion
96
a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by forming a protective layer on the surface of each particle
emulsifying agent
97
any colloid containing a liquid or a solid suspended in a gas such as air
aerosol
98
sol that sets to a jelly-like form by the linking together of suspended particles
gel
99
gas dispersed in either a solid or a liquid
foam
100
heterogeneous mixtures with solid particles large enough to settle out of the dispersing liquid
suspensions
101
study of the rates of reactions (speed) and the pathway taken by reactions (mechanisms)
chemical kinetics
102
concentration (molarity) is shown by writing the formula how?
in brackets
103
theory stating that the greater the frequency and the greater the energy of collisions between reactant particles, the greater the rate of reaction
collision theory
104
minimum energy that a molecule must possess to react
activation energy
105
increase the rate of reaction by doing what three things?
increasing temperature or pressure, or using a catalyst
106
idea that molecules react by forming a short-lived, high-energy activated complex
transition-state theory
107
short-lived, high-energy, unstable arrangement of atoms formed during a chemical reaction
activated complex (transition state)
108
1. energy is released and enthalpy decreases 2. energy is absorbed and enthalpy increases
1. exothermic reaction 2. endothermic reaction
109
graph that shows the change in potential energy of a system as reactants form an activated complex and change into products
potential energy diagram (know what both look like)
110
true or false: reaction enthalpy for catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions is the same
true
111
catalysts that exist in the same phase as the reactants
homogeneous catalysts
112
catalysts that are not in the same phase as the reactants
heterogeneous catalysts
113
substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction
catalyst
114
protein catalysts found in living cells and organs
enzymes
115
substances that slow the rate of a chemical reaction
inhibitors
116
proposed series of steps that describes the way in which a reaction proceeds
reaction mechanism
117
each step in a reaction mechanism
elementary reaction (can determine rate law)
118
step in a reaction mechanism that occurs more slowly than the others
rate-determining step
119
cycling series of reaction steps in which a product of one cycle is a reactant in the next cycle
chain reaction
11th Chemistry
flashcards
Decks in class (27)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions