11th Chemistry > test 7 > Flashcards

test 7 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

these two bond shapes are always polar

A

trigonal planar and angular

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2
Q

characteristics of metals

A
  1. good conductors of electricity
  2. good conductors of heat
  3. malleable and ductile
  4. shiny and highly reflective
  5. high melting and boiling points
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3
Q

______ means can be hammered into shapes

A

malleable

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4
Q

_______means can be drawn into wires

A

ductile

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5
Q

chemical bonds in which metal atoms are surrounded by delocalized electrons

A

metallic bonds

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6
Q

electrons that circulate freely throughout a molecule or crystal instead of being bound to a single atom or pair of atoms

A

delocalized electrons

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7
Q

contribution of each bonding type to a bond

A

bond character

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8
Q

if a bond number is more than 1.7, it is ______

A

ionic

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9
Q

forces between molecules

A

intermolecular forces

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10
Q

true or false: intermolecular forces do not bond to form compounds; instead, they bond molecules together without changing the compound

A

true

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11
Q

forces between neighboring polar molecules caused by the attraction of oppositely charged ends

A

dipole-dipole forces

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12
Q

between dipole-dipole forces and ionic bonds, which is stronger

A

ionic bonds

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13
Q

if a molecule is more polar, the dipole-dipole force is _______

A

stronger

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14
Q

weak intermolecular forces resulting from momentary dipoles in molecules

A

London forces

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15
Q

only type of intermolecular forces that occurs between most nonpolar molecules

A

London forces

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16
Q

______ is how easily an electron cloud is distorted

A

polarizability

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17
Q

unusually strong intermolecular force between molecules containing hydrogen covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom

A

hydrogen bond

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18
Q

three elements that hydrogen can be bonded to to form a hydrogen bond

A

nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine

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19
Q

strongest intermolecular force

A

hydrogen bond

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20
Q

has no ordered arrangement or pattern for the particles that compose it

A

amorphous solid

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21
Q

means syrupy

A

viscous

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22
Q

characterized by particles arranged in a regular, repeated three-dimensional pattern

A

crystalline solid

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23
Q

simplest repeating unit in a crystal

A

unit cell

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24
Q

most important aspect of chemistry

A

practical application

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25
survey of the chemicals and processes that are important to our daily lives
descriptive chemistry
26
most abundant element in the universe
hydrogen
27
simplest element
hydrogen
28
3 isotopes of hydrogen
1.protium 2. deuterium 3. tritium
29
colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is very flammable
hydrogen
30
commercial method of preparing hydrogen by reacting methane with steam; goes with ammonia
steam reforming
31
process of passing an electric current through an electrolyte to cause a nonspontaneous reaction
electrolysis (hydrogen)
32
primary use of hydrogen
synthesis of ammonia
33
process that forms ammonia
Haber process
34
addition of hydrogen to double or triple bonds
hydrogenation
35
main component of air
nitrogen (78%)
36
tasteless, colorless, odorless gas that is a diluent
nitrogen
37
the main use of nitrogen
production of ammonia for fertilizers
38
process in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a form that can be used by plants
nitrogen fixation
39
process where nitrogen travels from the atmosphere to soil and back again
nitrogen cycle
40
converts atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
41
converts ammonia to nitrates
nitrifying bacteria
42
converts unused nitrates back to nitrogen
denitrifying bacteria
43
colorless gas with an irritating odor
ammonia
44
____% of the ammonia we make is used for fertilizer production
90%
45
process in which ammonia is synthesized from hydrogen and nitrogen gases
Haber process
46
laughing gas
dinitrogen monoxide
47
very toxic, brownish gas with a choking odor
nitrogen dioxide not important
48
inorganic acid used in the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, drugs, and explosives and in etching and photoengraving processes
nitric acid
49
process that produces nitric acid
Ostwald process
50
unstable high-energy nitrogen compound that detonates unpredictably with slight shock
nitroglycerin
51
more stable form of nitroglycerin
dynamite
52
tenth most abundant element in the earth's crust
phosphorus
53
element present in all living organisms
phosphorus
54
sixth most abundant element in the human body
phosphorus
55
two or more forms of the same element that differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state
allotropes
56
two allotropes of phosphorus
red and white phosphorus
57
major use of phosphorus
synthesis of phosphoric acid and other phosphorus compounds
58
yellow crystalline compound that is used in strike-anywhere matches
phosphorus trisulfide
59
acid that is used to add tartness in carbonated beverages and, as its salts, is used in many other applications
phosphoric acid
60
any salts of phosphoric acid
phosphates
61
main use of phosphates
fertilizers
62
overabundance of fertilizers in a water system
eutrophication
63
natural and synthetic phosphorus compounds used as agricultural insecticides
organophosphates
64
energy carrier of the cell
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
65
gaseous element that is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust and is a major component of the atmosphere
oxygen
66
O3
ozone
67
major form of oxygen in earth’s crust (rocks and sand)
silicon dioxide ignore
68
toxic light blue gas with a pungent odor
ozone
69
odorless, tasteless, and colorless gas that is slightly magnetic
oxygen
70
allotropes of oxygen
peroxides and superoxides
71
means burning
combustion
72
compound that is used as a mild antiseptic and to bleach textiles, fur, and hair; colorless, syrupy liquid stored in a brown bottle because it is unstable
hydrogen peroxide
73
region of the atmosphere that filters out harmful ultraviolet rays
ozone layer
74
complex molecules known to react and deplete oxygen in the ozone layer
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
75
treaty signed in 1987 that banned CFCs by the year 2000
Montreal Protocol
76
yellow element that is used to produce sulfuric acid, to vulcanize rubber, and to prepare various commercial products
sulfur
77
three allotropes of sulfur
1.rhombic 2. monoclinic 3. plastic sulfur
78
elemental sulfur from the earth’s surface; primary method of sulfur production for most of the 20th century
Frasch process
79
process by which elemental sulfur is produced from hydrogen sulfide removed from petroleum and natural gas
Claus process
80
the vast majority of sulfur is used to _______
produce sulfuric acid
81
industrially produces sulfuric acid
contact process
82
_______ clean the air of sulfur dioxide
scrubber
83
group 17 elements
halogens
84
most reactive element
fluorine
85
true or false: halogens are too reactive to be found naturally in their free state
true
86
prepares fluorine by passing an electric current through a mixture
electrolyzing
87
halogen whose compounds are used as an anticavity ingredient in fluoridated drinking water and toothpaste, as refrigerants, and in various applications
fluorine
88
chemicals used in air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, and heat pumps to remove heat from the substance to be cooled
refrigerants
89
halogen whose compounds include disinfectants (such as bleach), plastics, medicines, and pesticides
chlorine
90
true or false: 85% of medicines in the world either contain chlorine or are manufactured using chlorine
true
91
halogen whose compounds are used for firefighting, synthesis of dyes, and pharmaceuticals
bromine
92
firefighting form of bromine
halons
93
halogen that is used in the production of antiseptics and is an important component of the hormone thyroxine
iodine
94
used in drawing blood
tincture of iodine
95
_______ creates thyroxine and can cause goiters if not enough is consumed
iodine
96
group 18 elements
noble gases
97
colorless monatomic gases in their uncombined form
noble gases
98
true or false: there are compounds with noble gases that have naturally occurred
false; no compounds of noble gases are known to occur naturally
99
group 1 metals
alkali metals
100
characteristics of alkali metals
1. soft 2. low melting points 3. silvery appearance 4. very reactive 5. good conductors of heat and electricity 6. low first ionization energy
101
naturally occurring elements in the earth’s crust
minerals
102
science of extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use
metallurgy
103
has enough metal to make it worth its processing
ore
104
metal mixture
alloy
105
four steps of metallurgy
1. concentrate 2. reduce 3. refine 4. shape know flux and gangue
11th Chemistry
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