Heart I

Question 1

heart location

Answer 1

• located in the mediastinum

- posterior to the sternum

Question 2

position of the heart

Answer 2

• 45° rotation to the left

- caudal lift

Question 3

mediastinum

Answer 3

-central space between the lungs

Question 4

base of the heart

Answer 4

• broad superior region

- where major vessels enter and exit the heart

Question 5

apex of the heart

Answer 5

• cone-shaped end at the inferolateral aspect of organ

- lies at level of nipple (T4)

Question 6

chambers of the heart

Answer 6

• two atria (superior)

- two ventricles (inferior)

Question 7

pericardium

Answer 7

• double-walled sac

- encloses the heart and the roots of great vessels

Question 8

parts of the pericardial sac

Answer 8

• fibrous pericardium

- serous pericardium

Question 9

fibrous pericardium

Answer 9

• outer sac
• tough/dense CT
• attaches heart to diaphragm and base of vessels

Question 10

serous pericardium components

Answer 10

• parietal pericardium

- visceral pericardium

Question 11

serous pericardium

Answer 11

-thin, double layer with two portions

Question 12

parietal pericardium

Answer 12

-outer membrane attached to fibrous portion

Question 13

visceral pericardium

Answer 13

• aka epicardium

- inner membrane to the heart surface

Question 14

pericardial cavity composition

Answer 14

• space contains serous fluid

- thing layer of watery fluid that lubricates membrane

Question 15

pericardial cavity function

Answer 15

-decreases friction between the layer of the pericardium as heart beats (since it contracts and relaxes)

Question 16

what is located within the grooves of the heart?

Answer 16

-coronary blood vessels

Question 17

external anatomy components

Answer 17

• atrioventricular(AV) sulcus

- anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

Question 18

atrioventricular(AV) sulcus

Answer 18

• separates atria from ventricles
• contains right and left coronary arteries and circumflex artery (goes around ‘circumference’ of heart)
• arteries are imbedded in fat pad

Question 19

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

Answer 19

• separates right and left ventricles

- contains interventricular arteries (anterior and posterior)

Question 20

layers of the wall of the heart components

Answer 20

• epicardium
• myocardium
• endocardium

Question 21

epicardium

Answer 21

• same as visceral pericardium
• outermost layer
• composed of fibrous CT and fat in sulci
• major coronary vessels found here

Question 22

myocardium

Answer 22

• middle layer
• composed of cardiac muscle
• has special conduction capillaries

Question 23

endocardium

Answer 23

• innermost layer
• composed of simple squamous epithelium
• continuous w/ endothelial lining in blood vessel
• values are also covered w/ endocardium

Question 24

what vessels carry blood into the heart?

Answer 24

• superior vena cava
• inferior vena cava
• coronary sinus
• pulmonary veins

Question 25

superior vena cava

Answer 25

-carries deoxygenated blood returned to right atrium from upper body and head

Question 26

inferior vena cava

Answer 26

-carries deoxygenated blood which is returned to right atrium from lower body

Question 27

coronary sinus

Answer 27

- contains venous blood returning from the heart's coronary circulation - enters posterior right atrium

Question 28

pulmonary veins

Answer 28

- four pulmonary veins: 2 from right and 2 from left | - transports oxygenated blood from lungs to the posterior left atrium

Question 29

which veins are the only set of oxygen rich veins in an adult body?

Answer 29

-pulmonary veins

Question 30

what vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Answer 30

- pulmonary trunk | - aorta

Question 31

pulmonary trunk

Answer 31

- divides into right and left pulmonary arteries | - transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

Question 32

aorta

Answer 32

-transports oxygenated blood from left ventricles to body

Question 33

which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

Answer 33

-left receives this blood from lungs and is pumped throughout body

Question 34

which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

Answer 34

-right receives this blood from tissues and is sent to lungs where CO2 is exchanged for O2

Question 35

what are the superior receiving chambers of the heart?

Answer 35

- right atrium | - left atrium

Question 36

what does the right atrium receive?

Answer 36

-receives oxygen poor blood from the body

Question 37

what does the left atrium receive?

Answer 37

-receives oxygen rich blood from lungs

Question 38

what separates the atria from one another?

Answer 38

-interatrial (IA) septum

Question 39

what are the inferior pumping chambers of the heart?

Answer 39

- right ventricle | - left ventricle

Question 40

what does the right ventricle pump?

Answer 40

-pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs

Question 41

what does the left ventricle pump?

Answer 41

-pumps oxygen rich blood to the body

Question 42

what separates the ventricles from one another?

Answer 42

-interventricular (IV) septum

Question 43

what are some specializations of the chambers?

Answer 43

- trabeculae carneae | - valves

Question 44

trabeculae carnae

Answer 44

- muscular ridges that project from inner surface of ventricle - prevents suction that would've occurred with a flat surface membrane

Question 45

valves

Answer 45

- acts as gates within the heart ensuring that blood flows in one direction - opens/closes in response to volume and pressure in heart - covered in endothelium

Question 46

valve types

Answer 46

- atrioventricular valves | - semilunar valves

Question 47

atrioventricular(AV) valve

Answer 47

- acts as gates that open/close due to pressure gradients | - ensures that blood flows only in one direction

Question 48

atrioventricular valve components

Answer 48

- tricuspid valve - bicuspid valve - papillary muscles - chordae tendineae

Question 49

atrioventricular tricuspid valve

Answer 49

- aka right AV valve - has three cusps - blood passes from right atrium through this valve to right ventricle

Question 50

atrioventricular bicuspid valve

Answer 50

- aka left AV valve or mitral valve - has two cusps - blood passes from left atrium through this valve to left ventricle

Question 51

what is the importance of the structures in the ventricles?

Answer 51

-helps stabilize the valves and prevents backflow

Question 52

atrioventricular papillary muscles

Answer 52

- finger-like projections from the wall of the heart - prevents prolapse - stabilizes the valve**

Question 53

what is prolapse?

Answer 53

-valve inversion

Question 54

atrioventricular chordae tendineae

Answer 54

- tendinous cords which attach papillary muscles to cusps of valves - looks like strings on a guitar

Question 55

semilunar(SLV) valve

Answer 55

-three cup like valves covered in endothelium which open and close according to pressure gradients

Question 56

semilunar valve components

Answer 56

- pulmonary SLV | - aortic SLV

Question 57

pulmonary semilunar valve

Answer 57

-blood passes from right ventricle through this valve on its way to the lungs

Question 58

aortic SLV

Answer 58

-blood passes from left ventricle through this valve on its way to the body

Question 59

what closes at birth that separates the right and left atria? and what results from this?

Answer 59

-foramen ovale closes at birth and results in the formation of the fossa ovale

Question 60

what happens if the foramen ovale doesn't close at birth?

Answer 60

- allows for mixing of oxygenated blood with deoxygenated blood - causes the infant to have a decrease in normal blood oxygen saturation being pumped out systematically - they'll appear cyanotic ("blue baby")

Question 61

what happens if there's defects in the formation of the valves in an infant?

Answer 61

-may allow blood to flow backwards that produces heart murmurs