Anatomy > Skin and Appendages > Flashcards

Skin and Appendages Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two principle layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis

- dermis

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2
Q

epidermis layer composition

A
  • outermost (surface) layer of skin

- composed of 30-50 layers of stratified keratinized squamous epithelium (mostly keratinocytes)

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3
Q

dermis layer composition

A
  • deep to epidermis

- composed of CT (fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers)

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4
Q

what are all the layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
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5
Q

hypodermis layer composition

A
  • located beneath the skin
  • composed of loose CT (areolar) and adipose tissue
  • anchors skin loosely to underlying muscle
  • acts as a shock absorber and insulator of fat
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6
Q

what are the functions of the skin?

A
  • protection
  • excretion
  • synthesis
  • communication
  • absorption
  • thermoregulation
  • sensation
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7
Q

what is the hypodermis also called?

A

-subcutaneous tissue

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8
Q

protection function types

A
  • physical barrier
  • chemical barrier
  • biological barrier
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9
Q

physical barrier protection function

A
  • impermeable to water-soluble substances (due to keratin)

- prevents dehydration

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10
Q

chemical barrier protection function

A
  • acidity skin secretions retards bacterial growth

- melanin protects against UV light

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11
Q

biological barrier protection function

A

-langerhans cells and macrophages engulf foreign material and bacteria

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12
Q

thermoregulation function

A
  • body temperature is regulated through activity of sweat glands and changes in the diameter of blood vessels
  • hair and adipose tissue also acts as insulators
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13
Q

absorption function

A
  • lipid soluble substances
  • steroids
  • plant resins, organic solvents and heavy metals
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14
Q

what are some types of lipid soluble substances?

A

-vitamin A, D, E, K

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15
Q

excretion function

A
  • urea, ammonia and uric acid are excreted in sweat

- salts (NaCl) are also lost, especially with excessive sweating

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16
Q

synthesis function

A

-exposure to sunlight aids in the production of Vitamin D

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17
Q

sensation function

A

-contains receptors for touch, pain, and temperature, etc

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18
Q

communication function

A

-various emotions are expressed through color changes and secretions

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19
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • stratum germinativum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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20
Q

epidermis stratum germinativum layer special characteristics

A
  • deepest layer
  • single layer of cells
  • undergo mitosis and gradually move to the surface
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21
Q

epidermis stratum spinosum layer special characteristics

A
  • several layer of squamous like cells
  • “prickle cells”
  • attacked and spine-like processes
  • keratin synthesis begins
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22
Q

epidermis stratum granulosum layer special characteristics

A
  • cells contain dark glands
  • abundant keratin
  • cells begin to die (bc no active metabolism)
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23
Q

epidermis stratum lucidum layer special characteristics

A
  • “clear layer”
  • cells appear empty
  • only found in thick skin
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24
Q

epidermis stratum corneum special characteristics

A
  • artificial layer

- dead, scale-like keratinized cells

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25
dermis location
-deep to the epidermis
26
dermis composition
- CT (elastin and collagen fibers) - macrophages - mast cells - nerve fibers - blood vessels - sweat glands - hair follicles - sebaceous glands
27
which components of the dermis help with the stability of the skin?
- connective tissue | - blood vessels
28
epidermis composition
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
29
what are the layers of the dermis?
- papillary layer | - reticular layer
30
papillary layer components
- dermal papilla | - friction ridges
31
papillary layer location
- most superficial | - just below epidermis
32
dermis papillary layer dermal papilla layer special characteristics
-projections of dermis towards surface layer
33
dermis papillary layer friction ridges layer special characteristics
- elevations on epidermal surface (cause by CT of dermis) - distinct pattern ("finger prints") genetically determined - help in grasping objects (identification)
34
dermis reticular layer special characteristics
- deep layer of dense, regular CT - contains many elastin and collagenous fibers - provides skin tone, strength, and resiliency
35
dermis functions
- serves as an attachment for the epidermis, provides supporting hase - contains a dense network of blood vessels for diffusion of nutrients to epidermis - plays a role in thermoregulation (due to hair glands)
36
what are the other characteristics of skin?
- skin color | - skin tone
37
what causes skin color?
-the presence of three pigments
38
skin color pigments
- melatonin - carotene - hemoglobin
39
melanin pigment special characteristics
- produced by metactyes in epidermis | - yellow-brown-black pigment which protects again UV light damage
40
carotene pigment special characteristics
- yellow-orange pigment | - rich in vitamin A
41
hemoglobin pigment special characteristics
- iron-containing pigment in red blood cells | - -> transports oxygen
42
skin tone special characteristics
-refers to strength and resiliency of skin caused by elastic and collagenous CT fibers located in the dermis
43
appendages of the skin location
-derived embryologically from the epidermis
44
types of appendages of the skin
- nails - hair - sebaceous glands - sweat glands - mammary glands
45
nails special characteristics
- a modification of the stratum corneum of epidermis - composed of thick plates called keratin - cover distal ends of fingers and toes and function to protect them - root of nail is embedded in the skin and is covered by the cuticle (or eponychium) - the free edge of the nail is attached to the epidermis by the quick (or hypochium)
46
hair location
- aka pilli - originate in the epidermis and are embedded in the dermis - hair projects above the skin to cover the surface of the body
47
hair function
- protection: shields body from UV light and physical trauma and limits heat loss - sensory reception
48
hair structure components
- root - hair - shaft
49
hair root
-location of active, multiplying epithelial cells from which hair growth occur
50
hair follicle
-tube that surrounds the root and extends into the dermis
51
shaft
- portion of hair that projects above the skin's surface | - composed of dead, keratinized cells
52
other characteristics of hair components
- color | - arrector pili muscles
53
hair color characteristics
-primarily due to different proportions of melanin
54
what does gray hair result from?
-results from a decreased production of melanin and air bubbles in the hair shaft
55
arrector pili muscle characteristics
- smooth muscles attached to the hair follicle - regulated by the autonomic nervous system - when they contract they put pressure on the sebaceous glands causing the release of sebum - their contraction causes the hair to stand "on end"(goosebumps)
56
types of glands in the skin
- sebaceous glands - sweat glands - mammary glands
57
sebaceous gland structure
-holocrine glands: rupture to release their contents
58
sebaceous gland location
- all over body except palms of hands and soles of feet | - very numerous along the base of the hair
59
sebaceous gland function
- produces sebum | - secretion is stimulated by hormones
60
what is sebum?
-an oily substance which lubricates the hair shaft
61
what is the anatomical name for sweat glands?
-sudoriferous
62
sweat gland structure
-coiled, tubular exocrine glands
63
sweat gland location
- body of gland located in the dermis | - coiled duct extends to surface of skin to release secretions through a pore
64
sweat gland function
- important for thermoregulation - excretion of waste products (urea) - protection by preventing growth of microorganisms
65
types of classifications of sweat glands
- merocrine glands | - apocrine glands
66
merocrine glands special characteristics
- most numerous - produces sweat consisting mostly of water, salt, and waste products such as urea - regulated by the ANS
67
what does the root "-crine" mean?
sweat
68
apocrine glands special characteristics
- located only in axillary and anogenital regions of the body - secretes sweat and lipoproteins which produce odors when acted upon by bacteria - generally begin to function during puberty (bc linked to hormones)
69
mammary glands special characteristics
- exocrine glands (bc they secrete their product through a duct) - considered a accessory reproductive organ
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