Anatomy > Skeletal Systems IV: Articulations > Flashcards

Skeletal Systems IV: Articulations Flashcards

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1
Q

articulations function

A
  • where skeletal elements attach
  • link skeleton into functional whole
  • often allow for movement/flexibility
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2
Q

how are articulations classified?

A

-based on their structure and movement

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3
Q

what is the anatomical name for joints?

A

-articulations

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4
Q

types of articulations

A
  • synarthroses
  • amphiarthroses
  • diarthroses (synovial joint)
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5
Q

synarthroses articulation characteristics

A
  • bones are held tightly together by fibrosis connective tissue
  • very stable
  • no movement occurs
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6
Q

examples of synarthroses articulation

A
  • sutures of the skull

- teeth and jaws

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7
Q

amphiarthroses articulation characteristics

A
  • bones bound with fibrocartilage pad ors discs
  • also ligaments (dense CT)
  • limited motion (tiny bit)
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8
Q

examples of amphiarthrosis articulation

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • symphysis pubis (less movement than the spinal column)
  • sacroiliac joint (little movement)
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9
Q

diarthrosis articulation characteristics

A
  • enclosed in fibroelastic joint capsule
  • synovial membrane lines capsule
  • articulating ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage
  • ligaments and tendons support joints
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10
Q

diarthroses synovial membrane function

A
  • produces synovial fluid

- -> this fluid lubricates joint and refuces friction

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11
Q

why is friction bad in a joint?

A
  • we don’t want bone grinding on bone

- keeps cartilage healthy

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12
Q

diarthrotic bursae location

A
  • small sacs filled with synovial fluid

- located near diarthrotic joint and the muscles and tendons associated w/ them

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13
Q

diarthrotic bursae function

A
  • reduces friction (during movement)
  • present where structures come in contact w/ one another
  • protects tendons and ligaments
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14
Q

types of diarthrotic joints

A
  • gliding
  • pivot
  • hinge
  • condyloid/ellipsoidal
  • saddle
  • ball-and-socket
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15
Q

diarthrotic gliding articulation movement

A
  • uniaxial:

- -> slides back and forth (translation)

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16
Q

diarthrotic gliding articulation examples

A
  • intercarpal
  • intertarsal
  • vertebrocostal
  • temporomandibular joint
  • zygapophyseal
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17
Q

where are gliding intercarpal joints located?

A

-in between wrist bones

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18
Q

where are gliding intertarsal joints located?

A
  • in between ankle and foot

- NOT ankle joint but underneath it

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19
Q

where are gliding vertebrocostal joints located?

A

-in between facets of vertebrae and ribs

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20
Q

where are gliding temporomandibular joints located?

A

-in between jaw bones

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21
Q

where are gliding zygapophyseal joints located?

A

-in between vertebrae (intervertebral)

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22
Q

diarthrotic pivot articulation movement

A
  • uniaxial:

- ->rotation around central axis

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23
Q

diarthrotic pivot articulation examples

A
  • atlantoaxial joint

- proximal radioulnar joint

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24
Q

where are pivot atlantoaxial joints located?

A
  • in between atlas and axis

- allows for rotation of the head

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25
where are pivot proximal radioulnar joints located?
- between the proximal radius and ulna | - allows for supination and pronation of forearm
26
diarthrotic hinge articulation movement
- uniaxial: | - ->flexion and extension
27
diarthrotic hinge articulation examples
- humeroulnar - tibiofemoral - interphalangeal - talocrural - TMJ
28
where are hinge humeroulnar joints located?
- in between humerus and ulna | - elbow
29
where are hinge tibiofemoral joints located?
- in between tibia and femur | - knee
30
where are hinge interphalangeal joints located?
- in between phalanges | - toes and fingers
31
where are hinge talocrural joints located?
- in between the tibia/radius and talus - ankle - most motion occurs here
32
where are hinge temporomandibular joints located?
- jaw | - in between temporal bone and mandible
33
diarthrotic condyloid/ellipsoidal articulation movement
- biaxial: - ->flexion/extension - ->abduction/adduction
34
diarthrotic condyloid/ellipsoidal articulation examples
- metacarpophalangeal - atlanto-occiptal joint - radiocarpal joint
35
where are condyloid/ellipsoidal metacarpophalangeal joints located?
- in between metacarpals and phalanges | - knuckles
36
where are condyloid/ellipsoidal atlanto-occiptal joint location?
- in between C1 and skull - allows for nodding (flexion/extension) - allows for tilting (lateral flexion)
37
diarthrotic saddle articulation movement
- multiaxial: | - ->produces wide range of movement
38
diarthrotic saddle articulation examples
- 1st carpometacarpal joint | - sternoclavicular joint
39
where is saddle saddle joint located?
- in between the carpals and metacarpals of the pollex - thumb - movement is limited
40
where is saddle sternoclavicular joint located?
-in between the sternum and clavicle
41
diarthrotic ball-and-socket articulation movement
- multiaxial: - ->abduction/adduction - ->flexion/extension - ->circumduction - greatest range of motion
42
diarthrotic ball-and-socket articulation examples
- glenohumeral joint | - femoroacetabular joint
43
where is ball-and-socket glenohumeral joint located?
- in between glenoid fossa and humerus | - shoulder
44
where is ball-and-socket femoroacetabular joint located?
- in between the femur and the acetabulum | - hip
45
ligaments composition
- dense regular connective tissue - connect bone to bone - one of the least vascular in the human body
46
ligaments function
- provide stability for joints - reduce flexibility of joint and restricts its movement - healing is slow and results are poor (due to poor vascularization)
47
areas in joints of the body where injuries can occur
- temporomandibular joint - vertebral column - shoulder - ankle - knee
48
temporomandibular joint ligaments and joints
- combination hinge and gliding joint - 3 ligaments and articular disc - TMJ syndrome
49
what is TMJ syndrome?
-misalignment of mandible or desynchronization of disc
50
vertebral column ligaments and joints
-long strips of ligament on anterior/posterior surface of vertebral body
51
shoulder ligaments and joints
- coracoacromial ligaments - coracohumeral ligaments - acromioclavicular ligaments
52
which side of the shoulder has stronger structures?
- posterior tendons stronger than anterior ligaments - they secure the joint well posteriorly - anterior side is more likely to get damaged (causes anterior & inferior shoulder drops)
53
shoulder posterior tendons function
- rotator cuff muscles act as ligaments - holds humeral head in glenoid fossa - serve to maintain the articulation between scapula and humerus
54
define shoulder dislocation
- displacement of the head of the humerus from the glenoid fossa - most likely to happen on the anterior side
55
define shoulder separation
- refers to a sprain (tear) of the ligaments at acromioclavicular joint - caused by a downward force being applied to superior part of the acromion
56
ankle ligaments and joints
- deltoid ligament | - several other ligaments support the ankle
57
ankle deltoid ligament function
- strongest of the deltoid ligament | - joins the tibia to the talus (medial ligament)
58
knee ligaments and joints
-two fibrocartilaginous discs called lateral and medial menisci
59
temporomandibular joint injury
-TMJ syndrome
60
vertebral column injury
-posterior longitudinal ligament is narrow and doesn't cover posterolateral disc: result=herniation
61
shoulder injury
- dislocation - shoulder drops - shoulder separation
62
ankle injury
- inversion of the foot causes weaker, lateral ligaments that attach to the fibula to the talus and to the calcaneus - ->occurs at the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint
63
knee ligaments and joints
- anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments - medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) ligaments - both^ are major supports for this joint - lateral and medial menisci
64
anatomical name for knee
-tibiofemoral
65
lateral and medial menisci location
- two fibrocartilaginous discs | - lie between the femur and tibia
66
knee injury
- unhappy triad (clipping injury): - ->anterior cruciate ligament (torn) - ->medial collateral ligament (torn) - ->medial meniscus (damaged)
67
define strain
-excessive stretching or tearing of tendons or muscles
68
define sprain
-stretching or tearing of ligaments
69
define dislocation
-displacement of the articular surfaces of bones at a joint
70
define bursitis
-inflammation of the bursa surrounding a joint
71
define arthritis
- general term for joint diseases involving sweating (edema) | - inflammation and pain occur
72
protocol principles mnemonic
-PRICE
73
protocol principles mnemonic expanded
-Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
74
protocol principles purpose
-minor injuries (sprains and strains) can often be initially treated at home using PRICE therapy for 2-3 days
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