The Cell Cycle

Question 1

what are the main stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

interphase and mitotic phase

Question 2

what are the stages within interphase?

Answer 2

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase

Question 3

what are the stages within the mitotic phase?

Answer 3

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 4

interphase

Answer 4

• resting between cell division (which is a non-mitotic phase)
• very active
• gearing up for mitotic phase

Question 5

G1 phase

Answer 5

• normal cellular activities
• normal cell growth
• normal duplication of organelles
• protein synthesis

Question 6

S phase

Answer 6

• DNA replication occurs

- most vulnerable phase (which can cause DNA damage since replication of DNA occurs during this stage)

Question 7

G2 phase

Answer 7

-synthesis of protein and microtubules (in the centriole)

Question 8

mitotic phase

Answer 8

• nuclear division

- cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division

Question 9

what are some possible fates of mitotic products (daughter cells)?

Answer 9

• differentiate (specialize) –> age –> die
• rest as an “uncommitted” cell
• enter a new cell cycle immediately (which has a rapid mitotic rate)

Question 10

what two things vary with cell type?

Answer 10

• the capacity to grow and divide

- the rate at which these processes occur

Question 11

what are the three main cell categories?

Answer 11

• cells that are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide
• cells that normally do not divide, but can be induced to do so by a stimulus
• cells which continuously undergo cell division

Question 12

what are cells with a high mitotic rate subject to?

Answer 12

destruction, irritation, and friction

Question 13

what are some types of cells that are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide? and why?

Answer 13

• red blood cells (matured only) (since it has no nucleus)
• neuron (nerve cell) (bc there’s no centrioles)
• muscle cell (cell may increase in size, not in number)

Question 14

what are some types of cells that normally do not divide but can be induced to do so by a stimulus?

Answer 14

• liver cells

- lymphocytes (white blood cells)

Question 15

what are some types of cells which continuously undergo cell division?

Answer 15

• skin (constantly replaced)
• cells of the intestinal lining
• bone marrow cells

Question 16

what does it mean when cells are continuously undergoing cell division?

Answer 16

• it means that they’re flipping through the S phase
• more chances for error in genetic replication
• may lead to mutations

Question 17

chromosome

Answer 17

• dark- staining, thread-like body in the nucleus
• composed of DNA and protein
• contains genetic information

Question 18

chromatid

Answer 18

• duplicated chromosome

- hooked together through centromere

Question 19

gene

Answer 19

unit of DNA that provides the instructions for the production of a specific protein

Question 20

centriole

Answer 20

• composed of microtubules
• 2 cylindrical structures
• serves as ongoing center for the mitotic spindle

Question 21

mitotic spindle composition

Answer 21

composed of microtubules

Question 22

karyotype

Answer 22

• the number and type of chromosomes an individual has

Question 23

what do the amount of autosomes you have determine?

Answer 23

how well controlled the body structure and metabolism is

Question 24

how many chromosomes and autosomes does a normal karyotype have?

Answer 24

• 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
• 22 pairs of autosomes
  
  • -> one is a sex chromosome

Question 25

autosome

Answer 25

-any chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome

Question 26

what is the female's chromosome letters?

Answer 26

XX

Question 27

what is the male's chromosome letters?

Answer 27

XY

Question 28

prophase

Answer 28

- nuclear membrane disappears - chromosomes become condensed - centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell - chromosomes split

Question 29

metaphase

Answer 29

-the paired chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

Question 30

anaphase

Answer 30

-the chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell

Question 31

telophase

Answer 31

- the nucleus divides into two identical cells that have the same composition of DNA - cytokinesis occurs

Question 32

what happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 32

- two cells split | - results in two daughter cells

Question 33

key features of mitosis

Answer 33

- occurs in most cells body - results in two daughter cells - daughter cells contain DNA identical to parent cell - each has 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 total (diploid, 2n)

Question 34

key features of meiosis

Answer 34

- occurs in "sex cells" located in the gonads - results in four daughter cells - daughter cells contain half the DNA content of parent cell - 23 total chromosomes (haploid, n)

Question 35

gonads

Answer 35

an organ that produces gametes | Ex: ovary and testes

Question 36

why would a cell need to adapt?

Answer 36

- in response to stimuli (ex: hormones) | - injury (ex: mechanical friction)

Question 37

what are some examples of cellular adaptations?

Answer 37

- hypertrophy - atrophy - hyperplasia - metaplasia - neoplasm

Question 38

hypertrophy

Answer 38

increase in size of cells

Question 39

hypertrophy example

Answer 39

muscle cells

Question 40

atrophy

Answer 40

decrease in size of cells (not trophy)

Question 41

atrophy example

Answer 41

- muscle reduction | - after a cast is taken off due to lack of use

Question 42

hyperplasia

Answer 42

increase in mitotic activity and number of cells

Question 43

metaplasia

Answer 43

changes in cell in response to disease or chronic irritation which results in the transformation of the cell into a different cell type

Question 44

metaplasia example

Answer 44

cells start to transform as a result to vaping

Question 45

hyperplasia example

Answer 45

increase in the size of breasts during pregnancy

Question 46

neoplasm

Answer 46

- "new cell mass" | - rapid multiplication (abnormal)

Question 47

benign neoplasm example

Answer 47

benign skin tumor; skin lesions

Question 48

malignant neoplasm example

Answer 48

cancer

Question 49

neuron

Answer 49

sends information between regions of the brain

Question 50

what are liver cells also known as

Answer 50

hepatocytes