Anatomy > Skeletal Systems II: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeletal Systems II: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two regions of the skull?

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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2
Q

neurocranium function

A

responsible for housing and protecting the brain

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3
Q

neurocranium composition

A

consists of the calvarium(brain case) and basicranium (brain pan)

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4
Q

viscerocranium function

A
  • bones of the face

- allows for the passage of substances into the body (food, air, water) and mastication of food

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5
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing

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6
Q

components of the neurocranium

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bones
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • ethmoid bone
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7
Q

neurocranium frontal bone function

A
  • protects brain anteriorly
  • supports brain inferiorly
  • root of orbit
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8
Q

what is the orbit?

A

eye socket

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9
Q

neurocranium parietal bones function

A

protects brain/skull laterally and superiorly

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10
Q

neurocranium occipital bone function

A

protects brain posteriorly

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11
Q

components of neurocranium occipital bone

A
  • foramen magnum

- occipital condyles

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12
Q

neurocranium occipital bone foramen magnum function

A
  • passage of spinal cord

- it’s a large circular opening (largest in body)

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13
Q

neurocranium occipital bone occipital condyles function

A
  • articulates with the first vertebra

- allows the head to flex and extend

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14
Q

what is the first vertebra also called?

A

the cervical atlas

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15
Q

neurocranium temporal bone structure

A

inferior, lateral side of skull

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16
Q

neurocranium temporal bone zygomatic arch function

A

-connects the temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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17
Q

neurocranium temporal bone mastoid process location

A
  • behind the ear

- -> bulge on inferior part of temporal bone

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18
Q

neurocranium temporal bone mastoid process function

A

-attachment site of some neck muscles to extend and rotate the head

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19
Q

what is another name for the zygomatic arch?

A

cheek bone

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20
Q

neurocranium temporal bone styloid process location

A

-slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear

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21
Q

neurocranium temporal bone styloid process function

A

-attachment site of the hyoid and tongue muscles

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22
Q

neurocranium temporal bone internal auditory meatus location

A
  • located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull
  • near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone
  • (ear canal)
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23
Q

neurocranium temporal bone internal auditory meatus function

A

-transmits cranial nerves

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24
Q

neurocranium temporal bone petrous location

A
  • pyramid-shaped
  • is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones
  • separates middle from cranial posterior fossa
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25
neurocranium temporal bone petrous function
- protects sensory structures of the inner ear | - ex: hearing and equilibrium
26
components of the neurocranium temporal bone
- petrous - mastoid process - zygomatic process - styloid process - internal auditory meatus - zygomatic arch
27
neurocranium temporal bone zygomatic process location
-long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone
28
neurocranium temporal bone zygomatic process function
-curves laterally and anteriorly to unite with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
29
neurocranium sphenoid bone location
-floor of cranium
30
neurocranium sphenoid bone function
- unites many cranial and facial bones | - articulates with almost every other bone in the skull
31
neurocranium sphenoid bone sella turcica function
-site of pituitary gland
32
what gland is the pituitary gland a part of?
endocrine gland
33
neurocranium sphenoid bone sella turcica location
-saddle-shaped region in sphenoid midline
34
neurocranium ethmoid bone location
-forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls
35
neurocranium ethmoid bone function
-main mechanical support structure of the nasal cavity
36
components of the neurocranium ethmoid bone
- cribriform plates - crista galli - perpendicular plate
37
neurocranium ethmoid bone cribriform plates location
-bony plates lateral to the crista galli
38
neurocranium ethmoid bone cribriform plates function
-allows passage of olfactory nerve
39
neurocranium ethmoid bone crista galli location
- upper part of the perpendicular plate | - above cribriform plate
40
neurocranium ethmoid bone crista galli function
- attachment of dura mater | - helps secure the brain within the skull
41
neurocranium ethmoid bone perpendicular plate location
- thin, flattened lamina | - descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate
42
neurocranium ethmoid bone perpendicular plate function
-assists in forming the septum of the nose
43
components of viscerocranium
zygomatic bone, maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, vomer, hard palate
44
viscerocranium zygomatic bone location
- cheek and lateral orbit(cheekbone) | - lateral to the maxilla
45
viscerocranium maxilla location
- upper jaw/teeth | - anterior portion of hard palate
46
viscerocranium mandible location
-lower jaw/teeth
47
viscerocranium nasal bones location
bridge of nose
48
viscerocranium vomer location
-forms inferior septum with perpendicular plate of ethmoid
49
viscerocranium hard palate location
- nasal opening - made up of two palatine bones - posterior roof of mouth
50
rib cage sternum location
breastplate
51
components of rib cage sternum
-manubrium, body, xiphoid process
52
rib cage sternum manubrium location
- handle | - upper triangular-shaped portion
53
rib cage sternum body location
- largest elongated portion | - lies between manubrium and xiphoid process
54
rib cage sternum xiphoid process location
-sword; most inferior and smallest portion
55
rib cage "sternal angle" location
- located at the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum - it's a bony landmark used to locate the junction of the 2nd rib and the sternum
56
rib cage jugular notch location
-the slightly curved region on the superior angle of the manubrium
57
rib cage ribs location
- 12 ribs that forms the walls of the thorax and protect the thoracic organs - ribs that attach to the spinal cord attach via the hyaline costal cartilage
58
rib cage true ribs numbers
1-7
59
rib cage true ribs function
-articulate directly with the sternum with their own costal cartilage
60
rib cage false ribs numbers
8-10
61
rib cage false ribs function
-articulate indirectly by attaching to the cartilage of rib 7
62
rib cage floating ribs numbers
11-12
63
rib cage floating ribs function
-do not articulate anteriorly
64
components of a rib
- body - head - articular facets - sternal end
65
rib cage rib body location
-main portion
66
rib cage rib head location
- the posterior end | - articulates with thoracic vertebrae
67
rib cage rib articular facets location
-the points of contact with the vertebral column
68
rib cage rib sternal end location
-attachment site of costal cartilage
69
rib cage intercostal spaces location
- located between the ribs | - contains muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
70
vertebral column of axial skeleton
-consists of 33 individual bones called vertebrae
71
what are the regions of the vertebral column each called?
- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
72
how many bones are within the cervical region of the vertebral column?
7
73
how many bones are within the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
12
74
how many bones are within the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
5
75
how many bones are within the sacral region of the vertebral column?
5
76
how many bones are within the coccygeal region of the vertebral column?
3-5
77
major components of vertebrae in the vertebral column
- body - nueral arch - articular components
78
vertebral column vertebra body location
- anterior, rounded area | - each bears the load of the bodies above it
79
vertebral column vertebra neural arch location
- posterior arch | - encloses the spinal cord
80
vertebral column vertebra articular components location
-contains surfaces where adjacent vertebrae(2) attach
81
common landmarks in the vertebral column
- vertebral foramen - spinous process - transverse process - articular process - lamina - pedicle - intervertebral foramen
82
vertebral column landmark vertebral foramen
- passageway formed by the vertebral arch and the body | - enclosed by the spinal cord
83
vertebral column landmark spinous process
- non-paired posterior projection of vertebral arch | - "the bumps on your back"
84
vertebral column landmark transverse process
-extends laterally from each pedicle
85
vertebral column landmark articular process
- two bilateral superior and inferior facets | - >these articulate with the vertebra above and below
86
vertebral column landmark lamina
-bridges transverse and spinous processes
87
vertebral column landmark pedicle
-bridges transverse processes and body
88
vertebral column landmark intervertebral foramen
- lateral openings found between the vertebrae(pedicles and spinal nerves) - spinal nerves are found here
89
what separates the individual vertebrae from one another?
-intervertebral discs
90
intervertebral discs composition
- anulus fibrosis | - nucleus pulposus
91
anulus fibrosis composition
-outer ring of tough, dense fibrocartilage
92
nucleus pulposus composition
- softer, gelatinous inner region | - used for cushioning
93
vertebral foramen unique characteristics regions
- cervical region - thoracic region - lumbar region
94
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region
- two cervical vertebrae - uniquely shaped - possess elements that allow for movement of the head and neck
95
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C1
- Axis - posterior tubercle - condylar facets - fovea for the dens
96
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C1 posterior tubercle
-no spinous process or body
97
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C1 condylar facets
- articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull | - allows for head extension/flexion
98
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C1 fovea for the dens
-rounded grooves for dens of axis
99
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C2
- superior articular facets | - dens (odontoid process)
100
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C2 superior articular facets
- inferior to C1 | - contains body and spinous process
101
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C2 dens
- rests against forea of atlas - bound together by transverse ligament - head rotation
102
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C3-C7
- bifid(forked) spinous process - transverse foramina - smaller compared to lower regions
103
what does bifid mean?
-it's split in two
104
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: cervical region: C3-C7 transverse foramina
-allows passage of vertebral artery
105
what are shared features among the vertebral foramen cerival region C1-C7?
- lamina - superior/inferior articular facets - pedicle - transverse processes
106
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: thoracic region components
- has spinous process (narrow, angled inferiorly) - has superior and anterior articular facets - ribs articulate with them^ at costal facets at two points - >demifacets & broad transverse processess - doesn't have transverse foramen**
107
vertebral foramen unique characteristics: lumbar region components
- no costal facets** - broad, big, square spinous process - bears most of the weight
108
types of natural abnormal spine curvatures
- scoliosis - kyphosis - lordosis
109
scoliosis
lateral curvature
110
kyphosis
- aka "hunch back" - thoracic region - vertebral column curves posteriorly
111
lordosis
- aka "sway back" or "booty back" - lumbar region - vertebral column curves excessively anteriorly
112
sacrum
- pelvic spine | - last major spine
113
coccyx
- aka "tailbone" - consists of 4 small vertebrae - vestigial
114
fontanels
- areas of hard bone - ->going through birth canal - brain growth
115
hyoid bone
-located in the C3 vertebrae
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