2-Pathopharm > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

(52 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of PAMPs in the immune system, and how do they help distinguish self from non-self?

A
  • PAMPs are glycoproteins that live on the surface of cells
  • They distinguish self from non-self based on the tags on the surface.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do innate and adaptive immunity differ in terms of response and recognition?

A

Response:
- Innate:
- Adaptive:
Recognition:
- Innate: looks for all things based on the PAMP recognition (me/not me)
- Adaptive: Looks for specific microorganisms that its seen before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the functions of neutrophils in the innate immune response.

A
  • Most common of leukocytes
  • First cells to respond
  • Phagocytic
  • Lays dormant in blood and bone marrow until needed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the functions of macrophages in the innate immune response.

A
  • Able to change their functional characteristics
  • Second cells to arrive
  • More efficient than any other phagocytic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the functions of natural killer cells in the innate immune response.

A
  • First line defense
  • Destroys tumor cells and virus infected cells based on PAMP, without previous exposure.
  • They reduce caner, kills the cells that are not growing good, rids the sick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do antigen-presenting cells (APCs) bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

When the cell present the Antigen at the end of innate immune response, it allows the adaptive immune system to figure out if it knows it or not allowing it to figure out what to do with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the roles of CD4 cells in adaptive immunity?

A
  • Controllers of the adaptive immune system
  • Organize the response of the whole team
  • Helper T cell
  • Produce cytkines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the roles of CD8 (Cytotoxic T) cells in adaptive immunity?

A
  • Fighter cells
  • Destroys the invaders they have memory of
  • Destroys the cells that have been taken over
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do B-cells (B lymphocytes) contribute to humoral immunity?

A
  • Produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses and toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the significance of memory cells in the immune response.

A

If the cell already has memory then it does not need to make the antibodies it can just use them so it is a faster response. Does not need togo to factory to make them which takes 4-6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the MHC

A
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex
  • Human PAMP
  • Marker on our own cells that shows the cell belongs to us
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the five major classes of antibodies?

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of IgG in immune system

A

Gone- represents past infections from 4-6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of IgM in immune system

A

Here at this moment, in this minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of IgE in immune system

A

Ewww. Things involved with boogers and allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of IgA in immune system

A

Ahhh- protects the skin and other open spots, the skin and mucus membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of IgD in immune system

A

Don’t worry about this one, less then 1% of Ig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the only class of immunoglobulins that can cross the placenta

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does IgM start getting produced

A

when the infant is born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are cytokines

A

enzymes released by cells of the immune system that affect the behavior of other cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Chemokines

Study These Flashcards
A

Specific cytokines that cause certain cells of the immune system to move to a specific spot, usually towards the antigen

22
Q

What is active immunity

Study These Flashcards
A

Exposure to an offending substance activates B cells and T cells which will create antibodies

23
Q

What is passive immunity

Study These Flashcards
A

Transfer of antibodies into the host, can get the antibodies from mom

24
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions

Study These Flashcards
A

Type 1: Immediate Hypersensitivity Disorder
Type 2: Antibody-Mediated Disorders
Type 3: Immune-Complex Mediated Disorders
Type 4: Cell-Mediated Disorders

25
Describe type 1 hypersensitivity reaction with an example.
- Immediate Hypersensitivity Disorder - IgE mediated (allergies) - Develops rapidly upon exposure to antigen - Can be discrete or systemic - Examples: Pollen, house dust mites, foods, animal dander
26
What type of cells are involved with a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Type 2 helper cells, Mast Cells, Mast Cells and basophils which release histamine
27
What are the Systemic Type 1 HS reactions
- Anaphylaxis - Life threatening - Can be associated with tiny amounts of allergen
28
What are the discrete/local reactions
- Atopic - Allergen is confined to one spot - typically hives, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma
29
Describe type 2 hypersensitivity reaction with an example.
- Antibody-Mediated Disorders - Mediated by IgG or IgM - Directed towards target antigens showing on the Host's cells (responding to own cells) - Antigens can be either intrinsic or extrinsic - Antibodies create a target for phagocytosis - Ex: Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Rheumatic Fever
30
Describe type 3 hypersensitivity reaction with an example.
- Immune Complex-Mediated Disorders - Formation of antigen- antibody immune complexes in the blood stream, later deposited into vascular endothelium or extravascular tissues, activating the complement system and induces massive inflammation - IgG and IgM mediated - Ex: Lupus, acute glomerulonephritis
31
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity reaction with an example.
- Cell-mediated disorders - T cell (CD4/CD8) cell mediated - Delayed hypersensitivity - Many kinds based on the T cell and antigen Ex: poison ivy and T1D
32
What triggers systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and what are its common symptoms?
Triggers: UV light, chemicals, foods and infectious agents Symptoms: joint pain, deformed ligaments, tendons and joint capsule, butterfly rash on nose and face, pericarditis, pleural effusions
33
How is rheumatoid arthritis mediated by the immune system
- They have RF which is a self produced antibody - It reacts with IgG to form immune complexes
34
what are rheumatoid arthritis's primary manifestations?
Articular: (knee and joints) - Symmetric and polyarticular involvement - Joint pain that lasts 30 mins post rising - Progressive leading to deformation Extra-Articular: (outside the joint) - Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, vasculitis, fever
35
Where are immune complexes found?
In the synovium, synovial fluid and extra-articular lesions of people with RA
36
What is sarcoidosis, and how does it affect different organs?
- Accumulation of t cells, macrophages and epitheloid granulomas in lungs, skin, eye, liver and lymph - Causes small patches of red and swollen tissue to develop, red tender bumps and SOB - Most ppl have spontaneous remission
37
Differentiate between primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders with examples.
Primary: - Congenital - Usually genetic, often X-linked - Only one discussed with IgA deficiency Secondary: - Acquired - Could be from burns, malnutrition, GI losses, nephrotic syndrome, viruses, malignancy and side effected
38
What is IgA deficiency, and what are its potential complications?
- Person does not make enough IgA - IgA is the first line of defense in the resistance of infection - It is found on mucous membranes, in the respiratory and digestive tract - PC: higher risk for atopic diseases and resp infections and systemic lupus
39
What should you avoid giving someone with an IgA deficiency
Live virus vaccines
40
What is the function of white blood cells
- They protect against infection - Manufactured in the bone marrow - Responsible for both adaptive and innate immune systems
41
and how do neutrophils and lymphocytes respond to different types of infections?
Neutrophils: - 1st responders during inflammation - Persistant with bacterial infections Lymphocytes: - Part of the adaptive immune system - Persistent response in viral infections
42
Explain the significance of leukocytosis and describe conditions that can cause it
High value of WBCs Conditions causing: - Infection - Inflammation - Leukemia, myeloroliferative disorders - Allergies/Asthma - Tissue death - Intense exercise or severe stress
43
Explain the significance of leukopenia, and describe conditions that can cause it
Low value of WBCs Conditions causing: - Bone marrow damage/disorders - Autoimune conditions - Severe infections - Lymphoma or other cancers in BM - Dietary deficiencies - Diseases of immune system
44
What does a WBC differential tell us about the immune response, and why is it clinically important?
Tells us if there is an increase of any of the WBC types and if there is it can help narrow down what is causing it.
45
What is the Progenitor cell
Every form of differentiated cell needs to mature. The first stage of maturation is the blast stage
46
What are the differences between attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and recombinant vaccines?
Attenuated: - Live vaccines, weakened microbes - Can cause disease in a immunosuppressed person Inactivated: - Killed vaccines, microbe is dead - Only a piece of the microbe needs to be included Toxoid: - Bacterial toxins that have been weakened so that they cant cause disease - Toxin is given not the microbe Recombinant vaccines - Vaccine that is lab generated partial subunits of microbe proteins - Cannot become infectious
47
When are immunosuppressants prescribed
They are prescribed to prevent rejection after a transplant or to reduce inflammation
48
How do reverse transcriptase inhibitors (like zidovudine) prevent HIV replication?
They prevent HIV replication because it prevents the retrovirus from being able to transcribe their RNA genome into DNA which is done by reverse transcriptase. - So if it is inhibited then the HIV cannot insert itself into the DNA to replicate
49
What is a retrovirus
unique type of RNA virus that possess several distinct characteristics that set them apart from others
50
What is the role of protease inhibitors and integrase strand transfer inhibitors in HIV treatment?
The protease is what matures the HIV making it be able to infect other cells. So if inhibited the HIV cannot mature therefore cannot infect others Integrase is what facilitates the integration of the HIV DNA into the Host cells DNA, making so the host's cell descendant cells now produce HIV cells. So inhibiting it prevents the cells from making more HIV cells
51
How are antiretroviral therapies (ART) combined to manage HIV, and why is combination therapy important?
- They combine 22 drugs from 6 different classes - They are always used in combination (2-3 drugs) from more then 1 class to ensure that the HIV strain does not become resistant to one drug type
52
What are the main testing methods for HIV, and how do they determine disease progression?
The Antibody Test: - looks for the IgG antibodies in the blood - This will be positive about 4 weeks post exposure. The antigen/antibody test: - Looks for both HIV antibodies and antigens - Will also be positive 4 weeks post exposure
2-Pathopharm
flashcards
Decks in class (34)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions