2-Pathopharm > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures comprise the upper respiratory tracts, what is their function

A

nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
Function: The upper airway warms, moistens, filters, and protects

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2
Q

What structures comprise the lower respiratory tracts, what is the function

A

trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
Function: air conduction, gas exchange, and pulmonary defense

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3
Q

How is the right bronchi shaped?

A

vertical and wider

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4
Q

How is the left bronchi shaped

A

curved as it enters

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5
Q

What are the lung lobe numbers

A

Right: 3
Left: 2

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6
Q

How does the mucociliary apparatus protect the respiratory system from pathogens?

A
  • Cilia in the nasal passages, throat and bronchus create mucus and wave back and forth to move the mucus and trapped particles to the throat
  • Allows for mucus and “junk” to be swallowed (rid)
  • Keeps the lungs free from most of the bacteria
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7
Q

What role do alveoli and capillaries play in gas exchange, and how does this process occur?

A

Alveoli provide the surface area and a thin barrier for gas exchange.

Capillaries deliver deoxygenated blood and carry away oxygenated blood.

Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion, driven by differences in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane.

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8
Q

How does the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) influence oxygen availability to body tissues?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) determines how much oxygen can diffuse into blood and how easily hemoglobin releases oxygen to tissues.

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9
Q

What are the primary distinctions between restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disorders?

A

Obstructive: cannot get air out, air backs up and leaves no more space

Restrictive: have a hard time getting air in, the problem is space

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10
Q

Which bronchi is more at risk for aspiration and why

A

right bronchi because of its shape, its more straight and wider

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11
Q

What are the risks and environmental factors associated with pulmonary diseases?

A

smoking, exposure to coal, silica, asbestos, radon gas, synthetic fibers, chemicals

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12
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation?

A

Sympathetic (F/F)- Bronchodilation: Beta2 receptors are stimulated
Parasymp (R/D)- Bronchoconstriction: Cholenergic receptors are stimulated

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13
Q

what are the basic functions of the lungs

A
  • Inhale oxygen
  • Exhale CO2 and other gaseous waste products
  • Provides a membrane on which gas exchange can take place (O2 in, CO2 out)
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14
Q

What is ventilation

A

Process of moving air into and out of the lungs

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15
Q

What happens to the diaphragm as it contracts

A

it lowers in position, creates negative pressure that pulls the air into the lungs

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16
Q

What is perfusion

A

Movement of blood through the vessels and capillaries

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17
Q

What is lung compliance

A

ability of the lungs to stretch and expand

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18
Q

what are leukotrines

A

inflammatory mediators released from Mast cells

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19
Q

How do chemoreceptors influence respiratory rate and ventilation in response to CO2 and O2 levels?

A

extremely sensitive to high PCO2 levels which cause an increase in ventilation that reaches its peak in a minute or so, but then declines if a person has persistent PCO2 elevations
- O2 goes down, we breathe
- CO2 goes up, we don’t breathe

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20
Q

What is hypoxia

A

A decrease in the lungs ability to aquire maximal oxygenation

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21
Q

What is hypoxemia

A

a decrease in the amount of O2 that is in the arterial blood

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22
Q

How can chronic hypercapnia alter the body’s response to respiratory stimuli?

A

Hypercapnia is a high level of CO2 in the bloodstream

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23
Q

What are the subjective components of a pulmonary assessment?

A
  • Smoking history
  • Occupational Exposure
  • Infectious exposure
  • Cardiac disease, HIV infection
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24
Q

What are the objective, inspection, components of a pulmonary assessment?

A
  • Rate, rhythm, depth of breathing
  • Use of intercostal or accessory muscles
    Presence of cough, clubbed fingers, tobacco stains
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25
How can auscultation and percussion findings indicate underlying pulmonary issues?
Auscultation: - bronchophony, egophony, whispered pectoriloquy Percussion: - Air and emphysema sounds like hyper resonance
26
What are the diagnostic applications of chest X-rays in respiratory conditions?
Heart size, diaphragm borders, pulmonary tissue, mediastinal lymph, pleural membranes
27
What is tidal volume
normal breathing, amount of air the normally goes in and out of lungs
28
What is inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that enters lungs when told to take a deep breath
29
What is residual volume
amount of air in lungs that you never rid
30
What is the significance of FEV1 and FVC in diagnosing and categorizing obstructive lung diseases?
FEV1- measures how much air a person can exhale during first second of a forced breath FVC- total amount of air exhaled during FEV test If FEV1/FVC is less then 0.70, then they have COPD, the FVC is used for severity ratings
31
How does asthma cause airway obstruction, and what triggers this response?
- Cause is bronchial hyperreactivity - Triggers are IgE mediated (allergies) cause a release of histamine, PGs, leukotrines
32
What are the three primary problems in asthma, and how do they manifest clinically?
1. Bronchoconstriction- closes the airway by constricting the muscles 2. Inflammation- inside wall gets thicker and mucus is created 3. Hyperresponsiveness- BC and inflammation happening in response to triggers that don't bother most ppl
33
What are the big asthma symptoms and what is asthma characterized by
Characterized by: - variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and underlying inflammation Big symptoms: - cough, dyspnea and wheezing
34
How is asthma diagnosed, and what are the goals of treatment?
Diagnosed: - medical Hx, physical exam, Spirometry, PFT Goals: - Reduce impairment, prevent chronic and trouble symptoms, require infrequent use of SABAs - Maintain normal Pul. function - Maintain normal activity levels - Prevent loss of function - Provide thearpy with minimal adverse effects
35
What interventions are used to manage asthma exacerbations
- SABAs - LABAs -Recognize exacerbations - Teach how to use inhalers - Peak flow monitoring - Teach trigger reduction
36
What is status asthmaticus?
- A very, very severe asthma attack - They are asphyxiating, bronchospasm and mucus plugging - HUGE medical emergency
37
What is emphysema
- A type of COPD - Loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of airspaces to terminal bronchioles - Patho: phagocytes engulf and destroy alveolar cels that contain pollutants - Hyperinflation of the lungs - Barrel Chest - Pink Puffer emphysema
38
What is chronic bronchitis
- Airways obstruction of both major and minor airways - Recurrent infections - Patho: inflammation of the airways and hypersecretion of mucus
39
What are the primary risk factors for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
SMOKING, exposure to dust and aerosolized chemicals, air pollution, Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
40
How does the loss of lung elasticity in emphysema impact gas exchange and lung function?
- Causes an increase in the dead space where gas cannot be exchanged, increases lung pressure - Irreversible
41
What is the pathophysiology behind chronic bronchitis, and how does it lead to recurrent infections?
It creates an increase in the mucus secreting cells in the airways which kills the cilia and stops them from moving mucus which causes bacteria to get stuck in mucus
42
What is the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) staging system, and how is it used in COPD management?
- It can help to maintain quality of life and slow the clinical progression - It is the stages of what classifies the COPD as mild, moderate, severe, very severe
43
How is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosed and treated?
- Airway blockage, collapse of the upper airway at the level of the pharynx - Diagnosed by sleep study and treated with a CPAP
44
What is bronchiectasis
- Obstructive lung disease that is chronic and irreversible, dilation of the bronchi that results in destruction in underlying myos and elastic CT
45
How much surfactant is typically in the pleural space, and how much is cause for concern?
Typically 1ml More then 300ml is considered significant Can be up to over 4000ml tho
46
What are the causes of and and what is Pleural Effusion
PE: Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity that compresses lung tissue and inhibits inflation Caused by anything that disrupts the hydrostatic/osmotic pressure
47
What are the causes and clinical presentations of pneumothorax
- Restrictive - Collapsed lung, presence of air in the pleural space - S&S: chest pain, dyspnea, increased RR, Asymmetry of chest on inspiration, Percussion may reveal hyperresonance, decreased/absent breath sounds
48
What is primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
- Without underlying lung disease or inciting event - No idea what caused it
49
What is Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Due to underlying lung disease or inciting event
50
What is traumatic Pneumothorax
Due to penetrating wound of the thoracic cage and pleural membrane
51
Latrogenic Pneumothorax
Due to a complication of a medical or surgical procedure
52
What is tension Pneumothorax
- Due to air in the space, usually from trauma is under positive pressure which displaces chest contents - Most dangerous
53
What is hemothorax
Special type of PE where the pleura fills with blood
54
What are the diagnosis and treatments used for Pleural Effusion
Diagnosis: CXR, mediastinal structures are pushed away from the effusion side Treatment: thoracentesis, maybe chest tube
55
Signs and symptoms of Pleural Effusion
Dyspnea, tachypnea, sharp pleuritic chest pain, dullness to percussion, diminished/absent breath sounds
56
How do pulmonary edema and pulmonary embolism affect gas exchange and perfusion?
Pulmonary edema: fluid accumulation inside alveoli that inhibits O2transfer at alveolar capillary interface Pulmonary embolism: Blood clot in the pulmonary circulation that reduces or hinders pulmonary perfusion
57
What are the main symptoms for Pulmonary embolism and edema
Edema: severe resp distress Embolism: chest pain, increased RR, dyspnea
58
What are the mechanisms and consequences of pulmonary hypertension?
- Abnormally high pressure in the pulmonary arteries - Common cause: chronic hypoxia due to alveolar vasoconstriction - Pressure from blood backs all the way up to the RV causing heart failure
59
What is treatment for pulmonary hypertension focused on
improving oxygenation, which will open alveolar vessels
60
How do anticholinergic drugs work in treating respiratory conditions, and what side effects are common?
- They work by blocking the muscarinic cholinergic receptor by antagonizing acetylcholine - Stops the airways from constricting - SE: Dry mouth, Blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation
61
What are the indications for anticholiergics
COPD and some asthma
62
What are the indications for corticosteroids in asthma management, and what precautions should be considered?
Asthma: inhaled corticosteroids are preferred first line therapy Allergic Rhinitis: intranasal steroids used for both short and long term as maintenance controllers
63
How do leukotriene inhibitors help in managing asthma and allergic rhinitis?
- Attract neutrophils and increases vascular permeability - Major trigger for contraction in the bronchioles - They block the effects of leukotrines which allows fr smooth muscle relaxation and decreased inflammation
64
How does the concept of racemic mixtures relate to the pharmacology of medications like albuterol and levalbuterol?
- one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule - Albuterol- racemic mixture - Levalbuterol- left hand enantiomer of albuterol
65
What is the role of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in evaluating lung diseases?
Perform Spirometry Administer SABA via nebulizer Perform Spirometry again
66
What is the significance of peak flow meters in monitoring asthma control?
show a change even before a person shows asthma symptoms
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