2-Pathopharm > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prevalence

A

The number of people who have the disease at a certain time- TOTAL

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2
Q

What is Incidence

A

The number of people who will get a disease over a certain amount of time- the NEW people

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3
Q

What is epidemiology

A

the study of disease distribution in humans (includes heart disease, not only infectious diseases etc.)

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4
Q

How can pathogens colonize a host without causing an infection?

A

They just live in the host, they don’t cause inflammation or any reactions they just chill.

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5
Q

What factors contribute to the virulence of a pathogen?

A

Virulence: the disease-causing potential of a pathogen
portal of entry, adherance, etc.

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6
Q

How do fomites and vectors differ as reservoirs for infectious agents?

A

Fomites: an environmental object that is a reservoir
Vector: a living thing that carries the pathogen from the reservoir to the host

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7
Q

In what ways does the gut microbiota benefit the human body?

A

In the digestive system the gut microbiota help with the breakdown of complex carbs and fiber,

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8
Q

How does the chain of infection help explain the spread of diseases?

A

It helps to explain how the germs get from one person to another

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9
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a Gram stain?

A

Gram +:
- lack the outer membrane but is surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan- thick cell wall
- Takes on a purple hue from GS
Gram -:
- Surrounded by a thin cell wall
- Has an outer membrane and a cell envelope
- Takes on a pink hue from GS

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10
Q

How does the structure of bacterial cell walls contribute to their Gram-stain classification?

A

The G+ thick cell wall holds the coloring and turns it purple while the G- thin wall does not hold it and takes on a pink hue

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11
Q

What are common Gram + bacteria

A

Staph, Strep, Enterococci

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12
Q

What are common Gram - bacteria

A

E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella

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13
Q

What are the steps involved in performing a Gram stain, and what does each step accomplish?

A
  1. Add Chrystal violet- dyes purple
  2. Grams Iodine
  3. Wash- rinses off
  4. Safranin- dyes pink
  5. Rinse and See- removes excess to tell difference
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14
Q

what are the characteristics of mycobacteria

A
  • Cell wall made of complex lipids
  • Does not take GS must use Acid fast
  • Usually bacilli shaped
  • Only causes specific diseases like TB and leprosy
  • Very virulent
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria

A
  • Cell wall of peptidoglycan
  • Can be Gram +/-
  • Can have many shapes and cause many diseases
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16
Q

What are the general steps in the viral replication process?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Biosynthesis
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
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17
Q

What are the primary modes of transmission in the chain of infection, and how do they function?

A

Contact- direct and indirect
Droplets
Airborne
Common Vehicle

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18
Q

What are the major factors that make a host more susceptible to infection?

A
  • Age, health status, medication usage
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19
Q

What is immunocompetence, and how does it affect infection risk?

A
  • The ability to protect themselves from pathogens due to a strong immune system
  • If they are immunosuppressed they are at higher risk for infection
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20
Q

How do healthcare practices break various links in the chain of infection?

A

hand hygiene, keeping environment clean

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21
Q

What are the five distinct phases of infection

A
  1. Incubation Period
  2. Prodromal Phase
  3. Acute Stage
  4. Convalescent Stage
  5. Resolution Phase
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22
Q

What is the Incubation Phase

A
  • Pathogen is in the host and is replicating but no symptoms
  • Most pathogens are highly contagious during this period
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23
Q

What is the Prodromal Phase

A
  • Initial appearance of symptoms
  • The host has a general sense on the onset of illness
  • Very contagious
  • “Thinks somethings not right but doesn’t know what”
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24
Q

What is the Acute Stage

A
  • Full infectious disease symptoms, specific for disease process
  • Rapid proliferation of the pathogen (lots of duplication)
  • Inflammation is in full force
  • Very contagious, have real symptoms
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25
What is the Convalescent Stage
- Resolution of symptoms - The body is eliminating the pathogen - Sometimes can be contagious but depends on the pathogen, you start to feel better
26
What is the Resolution phase
- Total elimination of the pathogen from the body - No further signs or symptoms - No longer contagious
27
How can a Complete Blood Count (CBC) and WBC differential help diagnose infections?
Increased Neutrophils: Bacteria Increased Lymphocytes: Viral Increased Monocytes: Chronic Infections Increased Eosinophils: Parasites and allergies Increased Basophils: Rare allergic reactions
28
What are the common characteristics of bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus species?
- it is everywhere- only problematic when it gets to be too much - A leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections - Many strains are antibiotic resistant (MRSA and MSSA)
29
What is MRSA
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
30
What is MSSA
Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus - not resistant
31
What are the common characteristics of bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus species?
- Strep throat (A) and Rheumatic Fever (B) as well as streptococcal pneumoniae major cause of Community acquired Pneumonia
32
How does virus influenza spread and cause illness in hosts?
- Virus mutates frequently - Droplet transmission - Portal of entry is Resp Tract
33
What happens if you misdiagnosis Epstein-Barr Virus
if you give penicillin/amoxicillin they will develop a fine red rash all over the body
34
How does the virus Epstein-Barr spread and cause illness in hosts?
- Causes infectious mononucleosis - Causes lymphadenopathy and pharyngitis, fever, headache, fatigue - Spread through Saliva
35
What factors contribute to the latency and reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus?
- Chicken Pox - It lays dormant in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves, when you are stressed it can come into the nerve root and becomes reactivated becoming Herpes Zoster
36
Why is it critical to get a sample before giving the first dose of antibiotic
The first dose of antibiotic will kill the germs so you want to make sure your sample has whatever it is your looking for or else it will be negative
37
what is definitive therapy
Treating based on culture results (UTI)
38
What is empiric therapy
Treating based on the most likely germs causing the illness, when a culture is not available or reasonable to obtain
39
What are the consequences of incomplete antibiotic courses on microbial resistance?
The weakest bacterias die first, so the antibiotic kills so when you stop early strongest regrow causing worsening the infection and antimicrobial resistance
40
What is bactericidal antibiotics?
Antibiotics that kills the bacteria
41
What is bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Ones that slow the growth of the bacteria, allowing the body to eliminate the pathogen
42
How do antibiotics disrupt bacterial DNA, protein production, or cell wall integrity?
They destroy, inhibit and decrease the integrity to kill the bacteria and stop reproduction
43
What are the major side effects associated with antibiotic use?
- Organ toxicity, hypersensity, GI issues, superinfections
44
How has antimicrobial resistance developed historically, and what are its current challenges?
- 1928: Penicillin - 1938: Group A strep and pneumococci have developed antibiotic resistance - Now: Antibiotic resistance is present in every single class of antibiotics available
45
What is the structure and function of bacterial cell human cells?
-Eukaryote: have a formed nucleus and formed organelles - Contain ribosomes, genetic material, cytoplasm and plasma membrane - Do not have a cell wall
46
What is the structure and function of bacterial cell
- Prokaryote: do not have a formed nucleus or organelles, everything is free floating - Contains ribosomes, genetic material, cytoplasm and plasma membrane - Have a cell wall
47
How do tetracyclines function, and why are they contraindicated in specific populations?
- Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes - Contraindicated in pregnant women and children under 8 bc it deposits in the teeth (makes them grey) - Avoid giving with minerals as it binds to them - Watch for photosensitivty
48
What are the benefits and risks associated with macrolide antibiotics?
- Risk: broad spectrum, has the tendency to cause vaginal, oral, intestinal superinfections, ototoxicity - Benefits: works on both gram neg and positive and atypical anaerobic bacteria
49
How do aminoglycosides work, and what risks do they pose to renal and auditory health?
Work by inhibiting protein synthesis - Causes ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity (renal damage) - Watch for falls with ototoxicity
50
What is the black box warning for Aminoglycosides
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neuromuscular blockade
51
What precautions should be taken when prescribing fluoroquinolones, and why?
- Don't give to children under 18 - Don't give to people with inadequate renal function - Don't give with minerals as it binds to them
52
What is the black box warning for Fluoroquinolones
Tendon rupture and tendonitis
53
What are sulfonamides, how do they inhibit bacterial growth?
Bacteriostatic drugs that work by inhibiting folic acid that the bacteria needs and it also inhibits bacterial growth through protein synthesis
54
How does clindamycin's mechanism of action increase the risk of C. diff superinfection?
Clinda suppresses bacterial protein synthesis and binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome, it reduces the energy so the toxin cannot be produced. - C. diff is resistant to it so it kills all the bacteria and then the C diff can just grow rapidly leading to a superinfection
55
What is Red Man Syndrome, and how is it associated with vancomycin administration?
Red man syndrome is associated with brisk IV administration of vanco. It is a histamine reaction
56
How do antifungal medications like fluconazole target fungal cell walls?
It makes the cell wall leak and causes the fungal infection to die
57
Why are multiple drugs used in tuberculosis treatment, and what are the two phases of this therapy?
Multi-drugs are used bc the TB can become resistant to a drug so you have to use two to kill it. Take the drugs for 6 months Initiation phase and the continuation phase
58
what is the initation phase in the treatment of TB
killing of the bacteria lasts for 2 months
59
What is teh continuation phase
Maintaining sterilization that lasts 6-7 months
60
How do nucleoside analogues like acyclovir work against viral infections?
- They work by inhibiting the viral DNA synthesis which slows the viral replication - Avoid in patients with renal failure - Reduces the time and intensity of symptoms but is not a cure
61
What is the role of neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir in treating influenza infections?
- This stops the flu from budding - Works on both Flu A and B as treatment for people who have had the flu for up to 48 hrs - SE: headache, N/V - Be alert for agitation, confusion, delirium and hallucinations
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